University:
University of Florida
Course:
MAR 3023 | Principles Of Marketing
Academic year:

2024
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216

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2
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customer-8210363

CLONING -the process of making a genetically identical organism through non-sexual means -Our body cells or somatic cells contain information that makes us what we are. - Because each of our somatic cells contains a complete set of information, in theory it is possible to make a new identical individual from one of our somatic cells. -This process is called cloning. Cells for cloning are often taken from embryos. -Embryos are formed when an egg cell(ovum) from a female joins with a sperm cell from a male. CLONING PLANTS USING PLANT TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES -Plant biotechnologists have used both meristematic and somatic cells to clone new plants. -Meristematic cells are cells that continuously divide by mitosis to form new tissues. -They are found in the growing parts of plants, for example, the buds. Many somatic plant cells, even though they are specialised, can change back into meristematic cells. - These cells will divide by mitosis, forming tissues and eventually new plants. CLONING ANIMALS USING ANIMAL TISSUE CULTURE Other reasons include the following: •To ensure that endangered species are saved from extinction •To produce organs for organ transplant operations •To improve the quality and quantities of agricultural products. Cloning can occur naturally in animals. Identical twins are clones of each other. However, cloning animal tissues, organs and organisms is now a very big and new area of research. There are two types of cloning:1. Therapeutic cloning (cloning of cells, tissues or organs to replace damaged tissues and organs): •Cloning tissues: Researchers want to use stem cells to develop new tissues. Stem cells have the ability to develop into any kind of cell possible. If the stem cells are embryonic stem cells, they can form any tissue. •Adult stem cells are obtained from bone marrow or from the umbilical cords of newborn babies. Adult stem cells can only form specialised tissue. The new tissue can replace damaged tissue. For example, adult spine tissue stem cells can replace spine tissue for people with injured spinal cords. These stem cells are injected into the patient wherever they are needed. •Cloning organs: Another new technology is trying to grow replacement organs. If researchers could do this successfully, then people with damaged organs would not have to wait for a donor organ to become available. 2. Reproductive cloning (the cloning of a whole organism from cells or embryos): •Cloning animals using embryos: Researchers are trying to clone many copies of an animal. They take an embryo, separate the cells and try to get each cell to develop into an embryo. Each of these cloned embryos is then placed in the uterus of another animal. So if a prize cow produces a lot of milk, the breeder could produce many clones of that cow.

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