German 1 Study Guide

German 1 Study Guide Index: ● Numbers ● Dates/Time ● Common Greetings/Helpful Phrases ● Weather/Location ● Family ● School ● Hobbies/Likes and Dislikes ● Adjectives ● Subject Pronouns and Grammar Rules ● Vocabulary Numbers: 0 = null 1 = eins 2 = zwei 3 = drei 4 = vier 5 = fünf 6 = sechs 7 = sieben 8 = acht 9 = neun 10 = zehn 11 = elf 12 = zwölf 13 = dreizehn 14 = vierzehn 15 = fünfzehn 16 = sechzehn 17 = siebzehn 18 = achtzehn 19 = neunzehn 20 = zwanzig 21 = ein-und-zwanzig 2 Numbers (continued): 22 = zwei-und-zwanzi 23 = drei-und-zwanzig 24 = vier-und-zwanzig 25 = fünf-und-zwanzig 26 = sechs-und-zwanzig 27 = sieben-und-zwanzig ● Numbers that end in “0” (example: 20, 30, 40, etc.) will start with the singular number and end in “zig”. Ex. 50 = fünfzig, 70 = siebzig ● Numbers past 13 - 19 start the pattern over again and will start with the singular number and end in “zehn”. Ex. 13 = dreizehn, 14 = vierzehn ● Numbers 20 - 29 start the pattern over again and will start with the singular number and ends in “zwanzig” Add “und” in-between both parts. Ex. 23 – 3 and 20 = dreiundzwanzig, 22 – 2 and 20 = zweiundzwanzig. ● Next numbers will start with the singular number and the ends in the number that ends in 0 (example 30, 40, 50). Ex. 44 – 4 and 40 = vierundvierzig, 54 – 5 and 40 = vierundfünfzig 3 Dates: Let's learn about the days of the week (tage der wochen) and the months (monaten). Monday Montag Tuesday Dienstag Wednesday Mittwoch Thursday Donnerstag Friday Freitag Saturday Samstag Sunday Sonntag Januar = January Febuar = February März = March April = April Mai = May Juni = June Julie = July August = August September = September Oktober = October November = November Dezember = December ● Years are spelled and said as a number. Ex. 2020, two thousand and twenty = zweitausend zwanzig. 4 Time: Wie spät ist es? = What time is it? Germans also use the 24 hour clock, add 12 to the time and that is your 24-clock time. Example: 2:00pm – 2:00+12=14 = 14:00 Example: 4:30pm – 4:30+12 = 16:30 Example: 8:30am = 08:30 *This only pertains to times that are PM. Sentences: Today is Friday, October 5, 2020. ● Heute ist Freitag, Oktober fünf, zweitausend zwanzig. ● What time is it? = Wie spät ist es? ● It is 8am. = Es ist 8(acht) uhr. Common Greetings/ Helpful Phrases: Guten Morgen Gute Nacht Bitte Es gibt... Gesundheit! Goot-en mor- Goot-eh Bih-tuh Ess geept Geh-ssont-hyt gen nakht Please There is/are... Bless you! Good morning Good night Guten Tag Wie gehts? Ich bin... Wie bitte? Willkommen! Goot-en tahk Vee gayt es I-sh bin Vee bih-tuh vil-koh-men Hello/ Good Day How are you? I am.. See you later Welcome! Guten Abend Hallo Wo ist...? Prima! Mir ist schlecht/ Goot-en ah-bent Ha-low Voh-ist Prihm-ha gut... Good evening Hello Where Excellent/Great! Meer-ist shlesht/guht is..? 5 I feel bad/good Weather/Location: ● Spring = Frühling ● Summer = Sommer ● Fall = Herbst ● Winter = Winter (Vihn-ter) ● Kalt = Cold ● Heiβ = Hot ● Die hitze = The heat ● Die hitzewelle = Heat wave ● Die kälte = The cold ● Die kältewelle = Cold spell ● Die luft = The air ● Die schneeflocke = The snow flake ● Die sonne = Sun ● Die temperatur = Temperature ● Die überschwemmung = Flood ● Regen = Rain ● Schnee = Snow ● Nebel = Fog ● Bewolkt = Cloudy ● Sonnenschein = Sunshine ● Kälte = Cold ● Warm = Warm 6 Location: Hier = Here Dort = There Überall = Everywhere Nirgendwo = Nowhere Irgendwo = Somewhere Wo = Where Was = Where Warum = Why Unten = Below Oben = Above Neben = Next to Ganz rechts = Right most Ganz links = Leftmost Vor etwas = In front of... Hinter = Behind Gerade = Just Sentences: Was ist das wetter heute? = What is the weather today? Regnet es heute? = Is it raining today? Ist es heiβ/kalt? = Is it hot/cold? Es regnet/schneit/ ist sonning. = It is raining/snowing/sunny. 7 Family: Family Familie Father Vater Mother Mutter Grandmother Groβvater Grandfather Groβmutter Grandson Enkel Granddaughter Enkelin Grandparents Groβeltern GrandchildrenEnkelkinder Brother Bruder Sister Schwester Son Sohn Daughter Tochter Uncle Onkel Aunt Tante Nephew Neffe Niece Nichte Cousin(f) Cousine Cousin(m) Cousin (cuh-sean) Helpful sentences/openings for family: Ich habe drei tanten/ cousinen/ bruder = I have three aunts/ cousins/ brothers. Wie viele...haben/habst Sie/du = How many... do you have? (siblings/brothers/uncles). Ist das deine mutter/tante/brother? = Is that your mother/aunt/brother? Wie heißt deine...? = What is your...name? (brother, sister, uncle). *Remember to use the correct verb endings. 8 **These are the endings to the different verbs; they are all below. Ich habe Du hast Wir haben Ihr habt Er/sie/es haben Sie haben 9 School: Schule = School Bleistift = Pencil Stift = Pen Painting = Malerei Grundschule = Elementary Gymnasium = High School Geschichte = History Sprachekunst = Language Arts Biologie = Biology Wissenschaft = Science Erdkunde = Geography Mathematik = Math Geometrie = Geometry Deutsch = German Hochschule = College Sozialkunde = Social Studies Lunchtime = Die Mittagspause Radiergummi = Eraser Die Noten = Grades Der Kurs = Course Der Lehrer = Teacher Stundenplan = Schedule School (continued): 10 Die Aufgabe = Assignment Leicht = Easy Schwer = Hard Hausaufgaben = Homework Das heft = Notebook Schulsachen = School supplies Die Ferien = Vacation Klassen = Class Sentences: Ich bin in der... klasse. = I am in the... class (7th,8th,3rd) *when saying classes, you just say the number and then “klasse” Example: I am in the 10th grade = Ich bin in der zehnte klasse Meine lehrerin ist… = My teacher is... Hast du ein bleistift? = Do you have a pencil? Was ist die Aufgabe? = What is the assignment? Ich habe ein... heft = I have a... notebook. (purple, blue, yellow) Wo gehts du zur ferien? = Where are you going on vacation? Ist die hausaufgabe schwer? = Is the homework hard? Hobbies/ Likes and Dislikes: Hobbies = Hobbys 11 Basketball = Basketball spielen Horse riding = Reiten Volleyball = Volleyball spielen Swimming = Schwimmen Tennis = Tennis spielen Art = Kunst Bike riding = Rad fahren Music = Musik Reading = Lesen Guitar = Gitarre spielen Hiking = Wandern Paint = Malen Drawing = Zeichen Watching TV = Versehen gucken ● I like it. = Ich mage es/ das gefält mir . ● I don’t like it. = Ich mag es nicht/ das gefält mir nicht. ● I play... = Ich spiele... Verbs: To have = Haben To make = Machen 12 To go = Fahren To see = Sehen To eat = Essen To believe = Glauben To read = Lesen To leave = Abfahren To think = Denken To run = Rennen To meet = Treffen To invite = Einladen To watch = Beobachten To get = Erhalten To help = Helfen To remember = Sich erinnern To desire = Ersehen To write = Schreiben Example: I have black shoes – Ich habe schwarze schuhe Nominative Personal Pronouns 1st I 2nd You (informal) 3rd 13 Ich du You (formal) Sie He er 1st She sie It es We wir 2nd You all (informal) ihr 3rd You all (formal) Sie They sie *informal – talking to a friend, cousin, sibling, anyone close to you that is about your age or younger. *formal – A teacher, adult, older adult that you are not very close with. Masculine/ Feminine Examples: Masculine Prefix – Der Feminine Prefix – Die Neuter Prefix– Das ● Although the only way to fully remember the correct article is to memorize them, but there are some endings that help you remember: o Feminine(die): -ung, -schaft, -keit, -heit, -tion-sion, -ie, -ur o Masculine(der): -ant, -ast, -ich, -ismus, -ling, -us o Neuter(das): -chen, -lein, -um Adjectives: Blau = Blue Rot = Red Gelb = Yellow Orange = Orange 14 Grün = Green Lila = Purple Schwarz = Black Weis = White Braun = Brown Gut = Good Klein = Small Einfach = Easy Schlecht = Bad Kalt = Cold Stark = Strong Groß = Big Schön = Beautiful Freundlich = Friendly Wichtig = Important Heiß = Hot Alt = Old Neu = New Adjectives (continued): Spät = Late Lebhaft = Llively Breit = Wide Kurz = Short Lang = Long 15 Schmal = Narrow Niedrig = Low Hoch = High Still = Quiet Wenig = Little Anders = Different Ganz = Whole, complete Verschieden = Different Stark = Strong Gleich = Same Rules: 1. The first step to adjective grammar is to understand the noun’s gender and the nouns case. Most German adjectives change their form according to the case of the noun they are describing and whether the noun is masculine, or neuter, singular and plural. 2. Adjectives come before the noun they describe, but after the verb in a sentence. 3. The verb will always go before the word it is describing. Example: the black shoes – die schwarzen schuhe 16 4. Adjective endings: M N F Pl Nominative e e e en Accusative en e e en Dativ en en en en How do adjective endings work in German? Most German adjectives change their form according to the case of the noun they are describing and whether that noun is masculine, feminine, or neuter, singular or plural. ● Nominative – Subject in the Sentence (takes action). ● Dativ – Indirect Object of a Sentence (receives action). ● Accusative – When the Noun is the Direct Object in the sentence (to/for whom action is taken). ● Genitive – Possessive (indication the owner of someone/something). Direct and Indirect Objects: Rules: ● If both the direct and indirect object are nouns, the indirect object goes first. ● If either the direct or the indirect object is a pronoun, the pronoun goes first. ● If both the direct and indirect are pronouns, the first direct object goes first. Example Sentences: ● Word Order - Direct Object is a noun – goes after the Indirect object. 17 ● Ich gebe dem schüler den bleistifts – I am giving the student the pencil. Direct Objects Indirect Objects Find the verb and ask “what is Find the verb and ask “who is doing it and to whom happening?” is it happening too?” Direct Objects: ● Indirect objects refer to people People ● They are placed before conjugated verbs Places Things ● They are places before conjugated verbs What To/For Whom Pluralization: ● Nouns that end in: Suffix (ending in) Plural form -nis, -ling, ig, -ich 18 -e plural -tum -er +umlaut plural -chen, -lein No change -er*, -el*, -en No change -e -(e)n plural *feminine nouns ending with –er, or –el take the –en plural Umlauts are common when the word contains two vowels after the other, with the second vowel being “I”. How do you say them? Ä - ehh Ö - eohh Ü - youhhh Ë - eeh Β - ss* 19 ● This symbol is used when there are two “s” after one another in a word Vocabulary: ● Die Cousine-n = The cousin-female ● Die Eltern = The parents ● Die Groβmutter = The grandmother ● Der Groβvater = The grandfather 20 ● Die Groβeltern = The grandparents ● Der Opa-s - the grandpa ● Die Oma-s - the grandma ● Die Tante-n - the aunt ● Der Onkel-n - the uncle ● Der Vater - the father ● Der Mutter – the mother ● Der Sohn – the son ● Der Tochter – the daughter ● Die Familie – the family ● Mein(e) - my ● Dein(e) - your ● Sein(e) - his ● Ihr(e) - her ● Zu Hause – at home ● Das Abendessen – supper, dinner ● Die Bratwurst – bratwurst ● Dast Brot – bread Vocabulary (continued): ● Das Brötchen – hard roll ● Die Butter – the butter ● Der Fisch(e) - fish ● Das Gemüse - vegetables 21 ● Der Hamburger – hamburger ● Der Imbiss – snack bar ● Die Kalte Platte – cold cut platter ● Die Kartoffel – potato ● Der Käse - cheese ● Die Marmelade – jam ● Das Mittagessen – lunch ● Die Pizza – pizza ● Die Pommes Frites – french fries ● Der Salat – salad ● Der Sauerbraten – sauerbraten (roast beef) ● Die Spätzle - special german noodles ● Das Wiener Schnitzel – breaded veal cutlet ● Die Wurst – sausage ● Das Wurstbrot – salami sandwich ● Das Frühstück - the breakfast ● Das Essen – the food ● Essen – to eat Vocabulary (continued): ● Schmecken - to taste ● Die Monate – the months ● Januar – January ● Februar – February 22 ● März - March ● April – April ● Mai – May ● Juni – June ● Juli – July ● August – August ● September – September ● Oktober – October ● November – November ● Dezember – December ● Die Jahreszeiten – seasons ● Der Winter – winter ● Der Frühling - spring ● Der Sommer – summer ● Der Herbst – fall ● Das Wetter – weather ● Der Wetterbericht – weather report ● Es gibt – There is/are Vocabulary (continued): ● Der Schnee – the snow ● Die Sonne – the sun ● Der Regen – the rain ● Das Gewitter – the thunderstorm 23 ● Der Nebel – fog ● Schön - beautiful ● Schlecht – bad ● Kalt – cold ● Kühl - cool ● Warm – warm ● Heiß - hot ● Sonnig – sunny ● Heiter – clear ● Bewölkt - cloudy ● Wolkig – cloudy ● Bedeckt – overcast ● Windig – windy ● Nass – wet ● Wie Ist Das Wetter? - What is the weather like? ● Die Sonne scheint - the sun is shining ● Es regnet – it's raining ● Es schneit – It's snowing Vocabulary (continued): ● Mir ist heiß/kalt - Are you hot/cold? ● Ist dir heiß/kalt? - Are you hot/cold? ● In welcher Jahreszeit...? - In what season...? ● In welchem Monat...? - In what month...? 24 ● Es ist 20 Grad – It is 20 degrees ● Gymnasium – High school ● Hauptschule – trade school ● Realschule – business school ● Gesamtschule – trade school ● Grundschule – elementary school ● Kindergarten – preschool ● Abitur – college entrance exam ● Mittagspause – lunch ● Große Pause – big recess ● Deutsch – german ● English – english ● Spanisch – spanish ● Französisch - french ● Latein – latin ● Mathematik – math ● Geschichte – history ● Erdkunde – geography Vocabulary (continued): ● Biologie – biology ● Physik – physics ● Technik – tech ed ● Chemie – Chemistry 25 ● Naturwissenschaft – natural science ● Religion – religion ● Kunst – art ● Hauswirtschaft – family consumer science ● Musik – music ● Sport – physical education ● Informatik – technology ● Das Fach(er) - the subject ● Lieblingsfach – favorite subject ● Leicht – easy ● Schwer – hard ● Die Note – the grade ● Die Pause – the break ● Interessant – interesting ● Langweilig – boring ● Blöd - stupid ● Der Stundenplan – schedule ● Klug – smart Vocabulary (continued): ● Einfach – simple ● Toll – great ● Bekommen - receive ● Die Uhr 26 ● Der bliestift – pencil ● Brauchen – to need ● Die Mappe – the folder ● Das Buch – the book ● Der Tacker – the stapler ● Der Tesafilm – the tape ● Finden – to find ● Das Heft – the notebook ● Kaufen – to buy ● Die Kreide - chalk ● Der Kuli – pen ● Die Landkarte – the map ● Kosten – cost ● Der Lehrer – male teacher ● Die Lehrerin – female teacher ● Das Lineal – ruler ● Das Papier – paper ● Der Radiergummi – eraser Vocabulary (continued): ● Der Rechner – calculator ● Die Schultasche – schoolbag ● Der Stuhl – chair ● Die Tafel – the (chalk) board 27 ● Der Tafellappen – rag (to wipe of –chalk- board) ● Der Tisch – the table ● Warten – to wait ● Der Rucksack – backpack ● Hallo – Hi ● Guten Morgen – Good Morning ● Guten Tag – Good afternoon/ day ● Grüß dich – Greetings ● Tschüss - (informal) Bye ● Tschau - (informal) Bye ● Auf Wiedersehen - (formal) Goodbye ● Wie Heiße du? - What is your name/ how are you called? ● Ich heiße - I am called/ my names is.. ● Wer ist das? - Who is that? ● Das ist.. - That is... ● Wie heißen Sie? - How are they called/what is their name? ● Wie alt bist du? - How old are you? ● Ich bin... jahre alt – I am... years old Vocabulary (continued): ● Wie geht es dir? - How are you? ● Es geht mire gut – I am doing well ● Nicht schlecht – not bad ● Gut – good/well 28 ● So lala – so so ● Prima – great ● Es geht so – It is okay ● Schlecht – bad ● Wo wohnst du? - Where do you live? ● Kommen – to come ● Wohnen – to live ● Der Junge – the boy ● Das Mädchen - the girl ● Frau – Ms. ● Herr – Mr. ● Der Freund – the friend (boy) ● Die Freundin – the friend (girl) ● Kennen – to know (person/place) ● Um Die Ecke – around the corner ● In Der Nähe - nearby, close ● In Der Stadt – in the city ● In der... Straße - on... street Vocabulary (continued): ● Deutschland – Germany ● Nett – nice ● Neu – new ● Hallo – Hello 29 ● Warum – Why? ● Wie – How? ● Was – What ● Wer – wie ● Wann – when ● Wo – where 30