Hundred Years War

Hundred Years War - From 1337 to 1453 - Quarrel over Gascony - Right of french succession - Longbow help the English advantage - First English victory at Battle of Cressy - Henry V renewed the war after a 20-year truce in 1396 by invading France At the Battle of agincourt and won - So Henry V forged an alliance with the Duke of burgundy that was called the Treaty of Troy's where he married his daughter and was recognized as an heir to the French throne - Charles the dolphin then was King of France after and then after letting Joan of Arc go into battle the French had a lot of major victories but was burnt at the stake by the English - Ultimately ended in French victory With help from the Canon Growth of England's political institutions - Because Edward III used a ton of money on the Hundred Years War he then needed to rely on Parliament and made a commitment to Levy no direct tax without parliament's consent and allow Parliament to examine the government accounts to ensure that money was being spent properly - made up of the House of Commons and the House of Lords Know what led to the decline of the church I.E Boniface, Avignon in the great schism - So Philip wanted to tax the French clergy but Boniface said that he needed permission first and issued the Unam sanctam which was the strongest statement ever made by a pope on the supremacy of Spiritual Authority over temporal authority. Philip then captured Boniface and the pope died. to make sure that this wouldn't happen again Philip pressure the College of cardinals to elect a French as Pope and then comment the fifth resided in Avignon and there was the papacy at Avignon which lasted for about 70 years and there was just a lot of corruption and Decay within the church. finally in 1377 Pope Gregory XI return to Rome and after he died when the College of Colonels met two elect a new pope the citizens of Rome forced them to elect an Italian and then kicked the French Cardinals out of the College of Cardinals and since the French Cardinals were mad they issued a statement saying that the pope wasn't really legitimate because they were forced to elect him so they elected their own Pope that was a Frenchman and so now there were two popes and this also caused like Decay in the church because people didn't know who to trust and they were both communicating the other and saying that the other wasn't legitimate so it just led to a lot of confusion and doubts among the people. this led to the belief that only a council of church could end the Schism so a council got together and elected a new pope and so now there were three popes and none of them would step down and finally sigismund ended the schism after the three competing popes were either resigned or deposed and made the new pope Martin V Castiglione - Wrote "The Book of the Courtier" (1528); described three basic attributes for Renaissance nobles: - 1) good character, grace, talents, noble birth - 2) military and bodily exercises and classical education - 3) good impression upon others Italian City-States - Milan, Venice, and Florence, the Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples - Urbino: Italian city-state run by Duke Federigo who was a major patron of the arts, major center of education - Mantua: Italian city-state which was a major center of art and learning in the Renaissance - Milan: highly centralized Territorial state successful and devising a system of Taxation that generated revenues for the government - Florence: governed by a small Merchant oligarchy, fake look of Republican government, run by medici, Was the cultural center of the Renaissance - papal states: many wanted to become rich of people Authority - naples: kind of the people in the back, largely poverty stricken peasants - Birth of modern diplomacy, part of political renaissance - Venice: center of trade Niccolo Machiavelli - Wrote "The Prince" (1513) - “The ends justify the means” - Believed that since humans were naturally self-centered - Political activity could not be restricted by morals Marsilio Ficino - Founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460s - Translated Plato's works into Latin and founded Neoplatonism