Drugs Agonist Or Antagonist Lecture Notes

DRUGS AGONIST OR ANTAGONIST LECTURE NOTES The initial move is the combination of the neurotransmitter from its predecessors. In some cases, the percentage of production and delivery of a neurotransmitter is heightened when a forerunner is governed; in these instances, the forerunner itself operates as an agonist. Neurotransmitters are collected in synaptic vesicles, which are transferred to the presynaptic tissue, where the substances are issued. The storage area of neurotransmitters in vesicles is done by the similar kind of trailer particles that are liable for reuptake of a neurotransmitter interested in a station badge. The truck particles are in the tissue of synaptic vesicles, and their act is to inject particles of the neurotransmitter around the tissue, fill up the vesicles. Approximately of the truck particles that fill synaptic vesicles are adept of human being obstructed by a medication. Particles of the drug attach with a site on the lorry and disable it. Since the synaptic vesicles stay blank, nobody is freed when the vesicles ultimately fissure versus the presynaptic tissue. The treatment works as an antagonist. Over the past of our varieties, individuals have found that plants—and some birds—create substances that act out on the nervous system. (Of program, the individuals who found these substances realized nothing about neurons and synapses.) About of these aspects have been utilized for their enjoyable special effects; others have been applied to cure illness, reduce discomfort, or kill other birds (or adversaries). Extra in recent times, researchers have discovered to generate totally synthetic medicines, some with powers far larger than those of the easily happening medicines. The conventional works of drugs stay, but in supplement they can be employed in study workshops to examine the processes of the anxious system. Most medications that involve conduct do so by altering synaptic communication. Medications that involve synaptic communication are categorized into two broad classifications. Persons that building block or impede the postsynaptic sound effects are called antagonists. Those that enable them are called agonists. An agonist is a drug that binds with and activates a receptor. An antagonist is a drug that blocks the receptor. In a way it is like when getting prescribe a drug and then having a allergic reaction to it,that would be the agonist. The antagonist would be another drug to help clear the body and get better from the drug that cause the allergic reaction. Dopamine is an agonist form (Carlson, 2013). PCP is an indirect form of an antagonist (Carlson, 2013). Agonist and antagonist was an interesting topic. An agonist is a drug that facilitates the certain effects of the neurotransmitters on certain cells. The direct agonist is a drug that binds with and activates a receptor. The indirect agonist is a drug that attaches to a binding site and facilitates the action of the receptor. Dopamine is an agonist form (Carlson, 2013). The antagonist is a drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a neurotransmitter on certain cells. The direct antagonist is a receptor blocker. The indirect antagonist is a drug that attaches to a binding site and interferes with the action receptor. PCP is an indirect form of an antagonist. As we continue with this course it is becoming more evident that drugs have a strong effect on the nervous system, and a drugs effect on the synaptic transmission are classified as an agonist or an antagonist, “Drugs that affect synaptic transmission are classified into two general categories. Those that block or inhibit the postsynaptic effects are called antagonist. Those that facilitate them are called agonists” (Carlson, 2012, pg.106). Drugs that are categorized as agonist are used to impersonate the action of neurotransmitter and are typically used to stimulate the action of a receptor. Drugs that are categorized as antagonist are used to block the action of a neurotransmitter and are typically used to suppress the action of a receptor. Essentially agonist drugs excite neurotransmitters and antagonist drugs halt neurotransmitters. Drugs can either be agonist or antagonist. To be agonist, the drugs activate the receptors to produce a biological response while the antagonist blocks an action. One of the agonist way is the endogenous agonist. In this case, a particular receptor has compounds that are naturally produced to bind and activate it. The other process is when a full agonist bind and activate a receptor with a response to maximum such that the agonist elicits the receptor. An example is the drug isoproterenol that acts as a full agonist and it mimics the actions of adrenaline. There can also be a co-agonist drug that works with the biological receptors to produce the effect that is desired in the body (Magnan et al. 2012). In this case, the receptor activation needs the binding of both the glycine and glutamate. There is also a selective agonist that works with only specific receptors and this includes drugs like buspirone that is selective for serotonin. Once a neurotransmitter is released, it must stimulate the postsynaptic receptors. Some drugs bind with these receptors, just as the neurotransmitter does. Once a drug has bound with the receptor, it can serve as either an agonist or an antagonist. A drug that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter acts as a direct agonist. Molecules of the drug attach to the binding site to which the neurotransmitter normally attaches. This binding causes ion channels controlled by the receptor to open, just as they do when the neurotransmitter is present. Ions then pass through these channels and produce postsynaptic potentials. Drugs that bind with postsynaptic receptors can also serve as antagonists. Molecules of such drugs bind with the receptors but do not open the ion channel. Because they occupy the receptor’s binding site, they prevent the neurotransmitter from opening the ion channel. These drugs are called receptor blockers or direct antagonists (Carlson, 2013, p. 108). Illicit drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and marijuana also have an effect on neurotransmission. Heroin acts as a direct-acting agonist, mimicking the brain's natural opioids enough to stimulate their associated receptors. Cocaine is an example of an indirect acting drug that influences the transmission of dopamine. Mainly agonist and antagonist drugs affect neurotransmitters. Synaptic transmission is affected by antagonists and postsynaptic receptors can be activated by agonist drugs, Drugs that are agonist stimulate neurotransmitters. So dopamine is the happy chemical in our body. For some it may be helpful in creating addiction too many things. I’m thinking with addiction it is direct agonist because it mimics the feeling you get if dopamine is released into the body. Carlson stated “a drug that binds with and activates a receptor and mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter acts as a direct agonist.” (Carlson, 2013). I can understand addiction to cigarettes. Nicotinic receptors cause the addictive effect of the nicotine. The precursor is the nicotine and this is an agonist drug. So then the rate of synthesis for the nicotine in the neurotransmitters causes dopamine and nicotine to be released quicker. There are drugs that block the dopamine receptors, this blocking means that the drugs are antagonist. It has to be administered in low doses. If there are higher doses it has the opposite effect it becomes direct agonist (Carlson, 2013). Some drugs imitate the effects of neurotransmitter. Carlson states that a “direct agonist is a drug that binds with and activates a receptor” (Carlson, 2013). There are also drugs that act as inhibitors. According to Carlson “direct antagonists bind with postsynaptic receptors they prevent the neurotransmitter from opening the ion channel” (Carlson, 2013). These drugs are also known as receptor blockers. Some drugs modify the effects of the neurotransmitter by binding with one site, and other substances. This is considered noncompetitive binding. According to Carlson “a drug attaches to one of these alternative sites and prevents the ion channel from opening, the drug is said to be indirect antagonist” (Carlson, 2013). There is also indirect agonist, which this drug attaches to an alternative site and helps to open the ion channel. Carlson states that “The drug that attaches to alternative sites and allow ion channel to open, is an indirect agonist drug” (Carlson, 2013). Both agonist and antagonist have differ affect to the neurotransmitters. Agonist drugs can mimic neurotransmitters, they normally binds with this receptor site, but it is close enough to bind successfully and cause the ion channel to open and sodium to flow into the postsynaptic neuron. Also, Some agonist drugs stop removal of neurotransmitters by blocking reuptake. Other agonist drugs may stop the removal, by preventing destruction of the neurotransmitter. Either way, this means more neurotransmitters are in the synapse, or that they're in the synapse longer; so, the synapse is more active. By blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter so that it binds longer and may increase its effect on the postsynaptic neuron. As well as agonist drugs can also increase the production of a neurotransmitter by providing more of the raw material from which that specific transmitter is produced. With more production of this neurotransmitter, more of the same neurotransmitter is released into the synapse (Straker, 2008). Whereas antagonists’ drugs blocks the receptor site. The drug is a fit, but not a perfect fit in the receptor site. It fits well enough to block the site's functioning, but not well enough to open the ion channel and affect the neuron as would the usual neurotransmitter. Thus the antagonist is not mimicking but blocking the site. By blocking the receptor site, this drug keeps the usual neurotransmitter from getting in and affecting the neuron. Antagonist drugs can also speed the removal of neurotransmitters from the synapse do this either by destroying the neurotransmitters or by assisting the reuptake process. This leaves less of the neurotransmitter in the synapse than there should be, which leads to less binding at the receptors. Antagonists that decrease production of the neurotransmitters do so by destroying either the raw material or the enzymes that are needed for production of the neurotransmitter (Straker, 2008). In some instances, patients are prescribed agonist or antagonist medications, depending on the patient's diagnosis and treatment plan. It is important for all mental health professionals to be aware of these medications and their effects, even if the professional does not prescribe the medication. As all individual's are different, a treatment that works for one person may not always work for another, even if the individual has the same diagnosis. Sometimes medications used to treat mental health disorders, such as schizophrenia, are only partial agonist (PA) inhibitors; however, not all partial agonist medications work. According to Natesan, Reckless, Barlow, Nobrega, and Kapur (2011), dopamine receptor partial agonists (PAs) have been widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia; however, only one of these types of drugs, aripiprazole, is proven to be effective and is the only one clinically available for therapeutic use. Thus, it is important for all mental health professionals to be aware of these types of drugs and their effects, even if the professional did not prescribe the medication. It is only when the professionals can work together and form a solidified, and informed, treatment plan that the patient truly benefits.