Unit 2.1 Sensation and Perception

Unit 2.1: Sensation and Perception Sensation Perception Bottom-up processing Top-down processing Selective Attention Cocktail party effect Selective Inattention Inattentional blindness Change blindness Transduction Absolute Thresholds Signal Detection Theory Difference threshold Weber’s Law Sensory Adaptation Perceptual Set Context Effects Wavelength Amplitude Intensity Pupil Iris Lens Retina Accommodation o Nearsightedness o Farsightedness Ganglion cells Rods Cones Optic Nerve Blind Spot Fovea Trichromatic Theory o Color Deficiency Opponent Process theory o Afterimages Gestalt o Figure-ground o Proximity o Continuity o Closure Depth perception Visual Cliff Binocular cues                         o Retinal Disparity o Convergence Monocular Cues o Relative clarity o Relative Size o Interposition o Linear perspective o Texture gradient Phi Phenomenon Perceptual Constancy Color Constancy Shape and size constancies Amplitude of sound waves Audition Pitch Frequency Cochlea Sound localization Sensorineural hearing loss Conduction hearing loss Cochlear implant Place Theory Frequency Theory Volley Theory Basic Four Touch Sensations o Pressure o Warmth o Cold o Pain Gate-control Theory Phantom limb sensations Taste o Sweet o Salty o Sour o Bitter o Umami (savory) o Oleogustus Kinesthetic sense Vestibular sense o Semicircular canals Sensory interaction Major Questions 1. What is the difference between sensation and perception? a. Sensation – senses detect something b. Perception – how your brain interprets that information 2. Give an example of the cocktail party effect. a. Ex. you hear someone say your name in a noisy room. You filter out other sounds to focus on that. 3. What is transduction? Give an example for vision and audition. a. Transduction – your body turns sensory information into signals your brain understands 4. How do we know our absolute threshold has been met? a. It’s the smallest amount of something you can detect 5. Describe the Just Noticeable Difference threshold and provide an example. a. The smallest change in something you can notice; ex. when someone slowly turns the volume up in the car, and the point when you start to notice 6. What is the difference between the two-color vision theories? a. Trichromatic – you see color because your eyes have 3 types of color receptors b. Opponent-process – colors work in pairs; when one is active, the other is suppressed 7. In vision, what determines the color we see? The brightness? a. Color – determined by the wavelength of light b. Brightness – determined by the intensity of the light wave 8. What is the difference between monocular and binocular cues. a. Monocular – depth cues you only need one eye for b. Binocular – depth cues you only need both eyes for 9. In hearing, what determines the volume we hear? What about the pitch? a. Volume – depends on the amplitude of sound waves b. Pitch – depends on the frequency of sound waves 10.Describe the visual cliff experiment. What were researchers able to conclude? a. Babies were placed on a platform with a “cliff” (clear, glass dropoff) b. Researchers found that most babies wouldn’t ross the clip showing depth perception develops early 11.What is the difference between the two types of hearing loss? a. Conductive – a problem in the middle ear b. Sensorineural hearing loss – damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve 12.How does the Gate Control theory work in understanding pain? a. Your spinal cord acts like a gate; it can block or allow pain signals to reach your brain 13.What is sensory interaction and give an example. a. When senses work together; ex. food tastes bland if you cannot smell it, showing smell and taste interact (SKITTLES)