Mitosis Study Notes

Mitosis Introduction: Mitosis, it's a kind of cell division where two daughter cells are formed with same number and type of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. This process is very important for growth, mending and asexual reproduction in eukaryotic creatures. The whole procedure makes certain that every daughter cell gets an identical version of thee parent cell's DNA. Phases of Mitosis: Mitosis is divided into several phases: prophase, metaphsase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis. Interphase: Though it is not an actisve stage of mitosis, interphase plays a crucial role in getting the cell ready for division. i It is made up of three stages: G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis) and G2 (preparation for mitosis). During intnerphase, the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for mitosis. Prophase: The chromatin gbecomes compacted, transforming into chromosomes that can be seen. Every chromosome is made up of t.wo sister chromatids linked together at the centromere. The nucleolus disappears, and the nu.clear membrane begins to disintegrate. Microtubules, forming the mitotic spindle, begin to assem.ble from centrosomes as they shift towards separate ends of a cell. Metaphase: The nuclear membrane completely dissolves. Chromosomes align at the cell’s equatorial plane, known as the metaphase plate. Spindle fibers link with the centromeres of chromosomes at a location known as kinetochore. Anaphase: The centromeres split, separating the sister chromatids. The spindle fibers become shorter, causing the chromatids to separate and move towards opposite ends of the cell. Now, they are individual chromosomes. This ensures that each pole receives an identical set of chromosomes. Telophase: Chromosomes reach the poles and begin to decondense back into chromatin. The nuclear envelope is formed again around each group of chromosomes, which makes two separate nuclei inside the cell. The nucleolus reappears in each nucleus. The spindle fibers disassemble. Cytokinesis: This process usually begins during telophase. Inside animal cells, an actin filament ring gets created at the cell's center. This forms a cleavage furrow which pinches cell into two parts. Inside plant cells, a cell plate appears in the middle line of the cell and grows into a fresh cell wall that divides the two daughter cells. Significance of Mitosis: Growth: Mitosis allows an organism to grow by increasing the number of cells. Repair: It helps in repairing damaged tissues by replacing dead or injured cells. Asexual Reproduction: For one-celled creatures and some many-celled creatures, mitosis can be a way of making more individuals. This process creates offspring that have exactly the same genetic makeup as their parent. Regulation of Mitosis: Mitosis is controlled by different checkpoints (G1, G2 and M checkpoints) to make sure cell division happens correctly. These points of verification check whether the cell is ready to proceed into the subsequent phase, making certain that DNA gets replicated and distributed correctly. These control mechanisms, if they don't work properly, can cause cell division to go out of hand and assist in forming cancer. Conclusion: Mitosis is a basic procedure for maintaining genetic consistency and has an important part in growth, evolution as well as tissue upkeep. Knowledge about the methods and control of mitosis are necessary in areas such as genetics, molecular biology or medicine mainly for cancer study and therapy.