University:
University of Pennsylvania
Course:
HIST 0310 | Warriors, Concubines & Converts: the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East & Europe
Academic year:

2021
Views:

477

Pages:

11
Author:

rezancuk2j

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire • Osman I (d. 1323/4), local emir subordinate of Seljuk principality of Rum, starts his military campaigns. • Ottomans create an efficient war machine that groups Turks and Christians from Anatolia. • Great expansion between 1300-1683: 1. Turkmen Beyliks. 2. Byzantine empire: Mehmet II (r. 1444-1446, r. 1451-1481) finishes the Byzantine empire in 1453. 3. Mamluk Sultanate. • Fast deterioration after 1683. 15 16 17 18 19 20 A strategic location Central position in the Eurasian landmass: 1. Europe just across the Mediterranean or the Balkan peninsula. 2. Central Asia through land routes. 3. India, Indonesia, and China by sea. 4. West Africa through trans-Saharan trade. 5. East Africa through Red Sea. Consequences: 1. Interaction. 2. International trade. 21 Structure • However, the Ottoman empire inherits a large amount of institutional background from the Byzantines. • Janissaries. • Large needs of cash to pay for outstanding army: 1. Gold and Silver mines Bosnia and Serbia. 2. Custom dues from international trade. 3. Careful assessment of land property. 4. Later, tax farming. 22 Economy • Two pillars of economic organization: 1. Çift-hane system: family farm with two oxen. Unit of production, property, and taxation. 2. Guilds. • Sectors: 1. Agriculture: large state ownership of land (miri), around 90% of arable lands, and allocations to soldiers. 2. International trade. At the same time, internal market is relatively broken. 3. Istanbul as a gigantic city. 23 Limits to development • Bayezid II, 1485: Muslims are prohibited from printing in Arabic. • Confirmed by Selim I. • No printing press until 1727. • Even then, tightly controlled by a committee of three legal scholars and one religious authority. • Only 24 books printed until it closes in 1797. 24

Ottoman Empire

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