University:
University of Phoenix
Course:
BIO 101T | Principles of Biology 3
Academic year:

2024
Views:

445

Pages:

5
Author:

Graellsew6

Comparative Respiratory System in Vertebrates Fish (Scoliodon - Dogfish) Branchial respiration is observed. Respiration through gills and buccopharyngeal lining. 5 pairs of internal gills. Trace: Mouth → Buccal cavity → Pharynx → Internal branchial apertures → Branchial pouches → External branchial apertures. No use of external nostril, nasal chamber, internal nostril, glottis, or laryngotracheal chamber. Larynx and trachea absent. Amphibia (Frog) Branchial respiration in tadpoles. Pulmonary respiration in adults. Respiration through buccopharyngeal lining, skin, and lungs. No gills in adults. 3 pairs of external gills in tadpoles are later replaced by internal gills. Trace: External nostril → Nasal chamber → Internal nostril → Buccopharyngeal cavity → Glottis → Laryngotracheal chamber. Mouth and branchial apertures not used. Larynx and trachea united into laryngotracheal chamber, supported by three cartilages. Reptiles Paired external nostrils at the tip of the snout. Nasal chamber separated by a partition. Larynx: Supported by paired arytenoids and single cricoid cartilage, serves as a voice box. Trachea: Supported by complete cartilaginous rings. Lungs have no lobes and shallow alveoli. Gaseous exchange occurs through the inner surface of the lungs. Intercostal muscles help with respiration. Birds (Pigeon) Paired external nostrils at the base of the beak. Nasal chamber separated into two internal nostrils, open into the buccal cavity. Larynx poorly developed, soundless. Syrinx present for sound production. Lungs not differentiated but connected to air sacs. Intercostal and abdominal muscles assist in respiration. Mammals (Rabbit) Paired external nostrils above the mouth. Nasal chamber joins posteriorly with a single nostril. Larynx: Supported by thyroid, produces sound through vocal cords. Trachea: Supported by incomplete bony rings. Lungs: Right lung has four lobes, left lung has two. Completely covered by peritoneum. Air sacs absent. Gaseous exchange occurs in alveoli, with some residual air left after exhalation.