Chapter 2 Part 1 - Theory Research EBP

‭ICN Nursing Encompasses‬ ‭●‬ ‭Autonomous and collaborative care of individuals (of all ages), families, groups, and‬ ‭communities‬ ‭●‬ ‭Sick or well and in all settings‬ ‭●‬ ‭Promotion of health, prevention of illness, care of ill, disabled, and dying people‬ ‭●‬ ‭Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, participation in shaping health policy and‬ ‭health systems management, research, and education‬ ‭Sources of Knowledge‬ ‭●‬ ‭Traditional:‬‭Passed down from generation to generation‬ ‭●‬ ‭Authoritative:‬‭From an expert and accepted as truth‬ ‭●‬ ‭Scientific:‬‭Obtained through the scientific method‬ ‭Theory‬ ‭●‬ ‭Concept:‬‭Object, property, or event‬ ‭●‬ ‭Theory:‬‭Group of concepts that describe a pattern‬‭of reality‬ ‭ uestion:‬‭A nurse who tests a nursing theory by examining‬‭the theory itself then considering the‬ Q ‭specific actions or ideas is using deductive reasoning.‬ ‭a.‬ ‭True‬ ‭b.‬ ‭False‬ ‭Types of Reasoning‬ ‭●‬ ‭Deductive reasoning:‬‭Examining a general idea then‬‭considering specific actions/ideas‬ ‭●‬ ‭Inductive reasoning:‬‭Building from specific ideas/actions‬‭to conclusions about general‬ ‭ideas‬ ‭Interdisciplinary Base for Nursing Theories‬ ‭●‬ ‭General systems theory:‬‭A system is a set of interacting‬‭elements, all contributing to the‬ ‭overall goal of the system‬ ‭●‬ ‭Adaptation theory:‬‭Adaptation is the adjustment of‬‭living matter to other living things‬ ‭and environmental conditions‬ ‭●‬ ‭Developmental theory:‬‭The process of growth and development‬‭of humans is orderly‬ ‭and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death‬ ‭Common Concepts in Nursing Theories‬ ‭●‬ ‭The person (patient)‬ ‭●‬ ‭The environment‬ ‭●‬ ‭Health‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nursing‬ ‭Question:‬‭Which of the following is the central theme in theoretical frameworks of nursing?‬ ‭a.‬ ‭The person receiving the care‬ ‭b.‬ ‭The healthcare environment‬ ‭c.‬ ‭The nursing care plan‬ ‭d.‬ ‭The person providing the care‬ ‭Benefits of Nursing Theory‬ ‭●‬ ‭Gives nurses knowledge base necessary for appropriate actions‬ ‭●‬ ‭Provides rationale and knowledgeable reasons for nursing actions‬ ‭●‬ ‭Prepares nurses to question assumptions and values‬ ‭●‬ ‭Helps resolve current nursing issues‬ ‭●‬ ‭Leads to improved patient care‬ ‭●‬ ‭Directs nurses toward common goal‬ ‭●‬ ‭Serves research, education, and practice‬ ‭Research‬ ‭●‬ ‭Develops new knowledge‬ ‭●‬ ‭A process that uses observable and verifiable information‬ ‭●‬ ‭Validate and refine current knowledge‬ ‭Goals of Nursing Research‬ ‭●‬ ‭Improve care of people in clinical settings‬ ‭●‬ ‭Studies of:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Education‬ ‭○‬ ‭Policy development‬ ‭○‬ ‭Ethics‬ ‭○‬ ‭Nursing history‬ ‭●‬ ‭Develops greater autonomy and strength as a profession‬ ‭●‬ ‭Provides evidence-based nursing practice‬ ‭Methods of Nursing Research‬ ‭●‬ ‭Quantitative:‬‭Involves concepts of basic and applied‬‭research‬ ‭●‬ ‭Qualitative:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings‬ ‭○‬ ‭Based on belief that reality is based on perceptions that differ for each person and‬ ‭change over time‬ ‭Evaluating the Ethics of Clinical Research Studies‬ ‭●‬ ‭Value‬ ‭●‬ ‭Scientific validity‬ ‭‬ ● ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭ avorable risk-benefit ratio‬ F ‭Fair subject selection‬ ‭Informed consent‬ ‭Respect for enrolled subjects‬ ‭Independent review‬ ‭Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)‬ ‭●‬ ‭Problem-solving approach to making clinical decisions using the best evidence available‬ ‭●‬ ‭Blends both the science and art of nursing so that the best patient outcomes are achieved‬ ‭●‬ ‭May consist of specific nursing interventions or may use guidelines established for the‬ ‭care of patients with certain illnesses, treatments, or surgical procedures‬ ‭●‬ ‭The use of EBP mandates the analysis and systematic review of research findings‬ ‭Steps in Implementing EBP‬ ‭●‬ ‭Cultivate a spirit of inquiry‬ ‭●‬ ‭Ask the burning clinical question in PICOT format‬ ‭●‬ ‭Search for and collect the most relevant best practice‬ ‭●‬ ‭Critically appraise the evidence (i.e. rapid critical appraisal, evaluation, and synthesis)‬ ‭●‬ ‭Integrate the best evidence with one’s clinical expertise and patient preferences/values in‬ ‭making a practice decision or change‬ ‭●‬ ‭Evaluate the outcomes of the practice decision or change based on evidence‬ ‭●‬ ‭Disseminate the outcomes of the EBP decision or change‬ ‭Asking Clinical Questions in PICOT Format‬ ‭●‬ ‭P: Patient, population, or problem of interest (who)‬ ‭●‬ ‭I: Intervention of interest‬ ‭●‬ ‭C: Comparison of interest‬ ‭○‬ ‭Other options‬ ‭●‬ ‭O: Outcome of interest‬ ‭○‬ ‭Goal‬ ‭●‬ ‭T: Timeframe‬ ‭○‬ ‭How long to reach outcome‬