Chapter 1 - Introduction to Nursing

‭Historical Perspective‬ ‭Pre-Civilization‬ ‭●‬ ‭Theory of animism‬ ‭●‬ ‭Belief that good and evil spirits bring health and illness‬ ‭●‬ ‭Physician as medicine man‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nurse portrayed as mother caring for family (nurturing role)‬ ‭Ancient Greek Civilization‬ ‭●‬ ‭Temples became center of medical care‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nurses cared for the sick in the home and community; practiced as nurse-midwives‬ ‭Beginning of 16th Century‬ ‭●‬ ‭Early Christian period: Nursing has a more formal and defined role‬ ‭●‬ ‭Focus on religion replaced by focus on warfare‬ ‭●‬ ‭Exploration and expansion of knowledge occurred‬ ‭●‬ ‭Shortage of nurses; criminals recruited‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nursing considered disreputable‬ ‭18th-19th Century‬ ‭●‬ ‭Hospital schools organized‬ ‭●‬ ‭Female nurses under control of male hospital administrators and physicians‬ ‭●‬ ‭Male dominance of healthcare‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nursing becomes a respected occupation‬ ‭●‬ ‭Modern methods in nursing education founded‬ ‭19th-20th Century‬ ‭●‬ ‭Social reforms changed the roles of nurses and women in general‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nursing as we now know it began based on the beliefs of Florence Nightingale‬ ‭○‬ ‭Nightingale challenged prejudices against women and elevated status of nurses‬ ‭○‬ ‭She established the first training school for nurses and wrote books about‬ ‭healthcare and nursing education‬ ‭●‬ ‭Hospital schools were organized to provide more easily controlled and less expensive‬ ‭staff for the hospital‬ ‭●‬ ‭Healthcare was still male dominant‬ ‭●‬ ‭World War II:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Large numbers of women worked outside of the home and became more‬ ‭independent and assertive‬ ‭○‬ ‭Explosion in medicine and technology broadened the role of nurses‬ ‭○‬ ‭Growth of nursing as a professional discipline‬ ‭1950s to Present‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nursing broadened in all areas‬ ‭●‬ ‭Practice in a wide variety of healthcare settings‬ ‭●‬ ‭The development of a specific body of knowledge‬ ‭●‬ ‭The conduct and publication of nursing research‬ ‭●‬ ‭Recognition of the role of nursing in promoting health‬ ‭●‬ ‭Increased emphasis on nursing knowledge as the foundation for evidence-based practice‬ ‭(EBP) lead to the growth of nursing as a professional discipline‬ ‭Contributions of Florance Nightingale (1820-1910)‬ ‭●‬ ‭Defined nursing as both an art and a science‬ ‭●‬ ‭Identified personal needs of the patient and role of a nurse in meeting them‬ ‭●‬ ‭Established standards for hospital management‬ ‭●‬ ‭Established nursing education and nursing as a respected occupation for women‬ ‭●‬ ‭Recognized the two components of nursing: health and illness‬ ‭●‬ ‭Established nursing education‬ ‭●‬ ‭Believed that nursing is separate and distinct from medicine‬ ‭●‬ ‭Stressed the need for continuing education for nurses‬ ‭●‬ ‭Recognized nutrition as important to health‬ ‭●‬ ‭Instituted occupation and recreational therapy for sick people‬ ‭●‬ ‭Maintained accurate records/beginning of nursing research‬ ‭Aims of Nursing‬ ‭●‬ ‭To promote health‬ ‭●‬ ‭To prevent illness‬ ‭●‬ ‭To restore health‬ ‭●‬ ‭To facilitate coping with disability or death‬ ‭Meeting the Aims of Nursing‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nurses use knowledge, skills, and critical thinking‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nurses use cognitive, technical, interpersonal, and ethical/legal skills‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nurses give care in a variety of traditional and expanding nursing roles‬ ‭Interrelated Roles of Nurses‬ ‭●‬ ‭Caregiver‬ ‭●‬ ‭Communicator (therapeutic communications)‬ ‭●‬ ‭Teacher/educator‬ ‭●‬ ‭Counselor‬ ‭●‬ ‭Researcher‬ ‭‬ A ● ‭ dvocate‬ ‭●‬ ‭Leader‬ ‭●‬ ‭Collaborator‬ ‭Nursing as a Profession and Discipline‬ ‭●‬ ‭Practice in a wide variety of settings‬ ‭●‬ ‭Recognize role in promoting health‬ ‭●‬ ‭Conduct and publish nursing research‬ ‭●‬ ‭Develop a specific body of knowledge‬ ‭●‬ ‭Use nursing knowledge as a base for nursing practice‬ ‭●‬ ‭Well-defined body of specific and unique knowledge‬ ‭●‬ ‭Strong service orientation‬ ‭●‬ ‭Recognized authority by a professional group‬ ‭●‬ ‭Code of ethics‬ ‭●‬ ‭Autonomy and self-regulation‬ ‭●‬ ‭Professional organization that sets standards‬ ‭●‬ ‭Ongoing research‬ ‭Educational Preparation for Nursing Practice‬ ‭●‬ ‭Practical and vocational nursing education‬ ‭○‬ ‭1 year education: LPN‬ ‭●‬ ‭Registered nursing (RN) education‬ ‭○‬ ‭Diploma (2-3 years); Assoc. (2 years); BSN (4 years)‬ ‭●‬ ‭Graduate education in nursing‬ ‭●‬ ‭Continuing education‬ ‭○‬ ‭Seminars and workshops‬ ‭●‬ ‭In-service education‬ ‭Expanded Educational and Career Roles of Nurses‬ ‭●‬ ‭Clinical nurse specialist‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nurse practitioner‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nurse anesthetist‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nurse-midwife‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nurse educator‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nurse administrator‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nurse researcher‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nurse entrepreneur‬ ‭Guidelines for Nursing Practice‬ ‭●‬ ‭Standards of Nursing Practice‬ ‭‬ N ● ‭ urse Practice Acts and Licensure‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nursing Process‬ ‭Nurse Practice Acts‬ ‭●‬ ‭Defined legal scope of nursing practice‬ ‭●‬ ‭Exclude untrained or unlicensed people from practicing nursing‬ ‭●‬ ‭Governed by a state board of nursing‬ ‭●‬ ‭Make and enforce rules and regulations‬ ‭Nursing Prcoess‬ ‭●‬ ‭One of the major guidelines for nursing practice‬ ‭●‬ ‭Helps nurses implement their roles‬ ‭●‬ ‭Integrates art and science of nursing‬ ‭●‬ ‭Allows nurses to use critical thinking‬ ‭●‬ ‭Defines the areas of care that are within the domain of nursing‬ ‭National League for Nursing (NLN): Ten Trends to Watch for in Nursing Education‬ ‭●‬ ‭Changing demographics and increasing diversity‬ ‭●‬ ‭Technological explosion‬ ‭●‬ ‭Era of educated consumer, alternative therapies, and genomic and palliative care‬ ‭●‬ ‭Shift to population-based care and the increasing complexity of patient care‬ ‭●‬ ‭Cost of healthcare and challenge of managed care‬ ‭●‬ ‭Impact of health policy and regulation‬ ‭●‬ ‭Growing need for interdisciplinary education and collaborative practice‬ ‭●‬ ‭Current nursing shortage/opportunities for lifelong learning and workforce development‬ ‭●‬ ‭Significant advances in nursing science and research‬ ‭National Supply and Demand Projections for Registered Nurses: 2000-2020‬ ‭Early Signs of Fatigue in the Nursing Profession‬ ‭●‬ ‭Compassion fatigue‬ ‭●‬ ‭Burnout‬ ‭●‬ ‭Secondary traumatic stress‬