Chapter 2 Part 2 - Nursing Theorists

‭Nursing Theorist‬ ‭Central Theme‬ ‭Clinical Application‬ ‭Margaret A. Newman‬ ‭Nursing interventions are‬ ‭Nursing care is directed‬ ‭purposeful, using a‬ t‭oward reducing stress factors‬ ‭total-person approach to‬ a‭ nd adverse conditions that‬ ‭patient care to help people,‬ ‭increase the risk or actually‬ ‭families, and groups attain‬ a‭ ffect optimal patient‬ ‭and maintain wellness. Every‬ ‭functions.‬ ‭situation goes toward‬ ‭expanding consciousness.‬ ‭Jean Watson‬ ‭Nursing is concerned with‬ ‭Clinical nursing care is‬ ‭promoting and restoring‬ ‭holistic to promote‬ ‭health, preventing illness, and‬ h ‭ umanism, health, and quality‬ ‭caring for the sick.‬ ‭ f living. Caring is universal‬ o ‭and is practiced through‬ ‭interpersonal relationships.‬ ‭Lydia E. Hall‬ ‭Focus is on rehabilitation,‬ ‭encompassing nursing‬ ‭autonomy (core), the‬ ‭therapeutic use of self,‬ ‭treatment within the‬ ‭healthcare team (‬‭cure‬‭), and‬ ‭nurturing (‬‭care‬‭).‬ ‭The major outcome of‬ ‭nursing care is rehabilitation‬ ‭and feelings of‬ ‭self-actualization by the‬ ‭patient.‬ ‭Dorothea Orem‬ ‭Self-care‬‭is a human need;‬ ‭self-care deficits require‬ ‭nursing actions.‬ ‭Nursing is a human service,‬ ‭and nurses design‬ ‭intervention is to provide or‬ ‭to manage self-care actions‬ ‭for sustaining health or‬ ‭recovering from illness or‬ ‭injury.‬ ‭Martha Rogers‬ ‭Emphasis is placed on the‬ s‭ cience and art of nursing,‬ ‭with the‬‭unitary human‬ ‭being central to the discipline‬ ‭of nursing.‬ ‭Nursing interventions are‬ ‭ irected toward repatterning‬ d ‭human environment fields or‬ ‭assisting in mobilizing inner‬ ‭resources.‬ ‭Florence Nightingale‬ ‭Meeting the personal needs of‬ C ‭ oncern for the environment‬ ‭the patient within the‬ ‭ f the patient, including‬ o ‭environment.‬ ‭cleanliness, ventilation,‬ ‭temperature, light, diet, and‬ ‭noise.‬ ‭Hildegard Peplau‬ ‭Nursing is a therapeutic,‬ ‭interpersonal, and‬ ‭goal-oriented process.‬ ‭Nursing interventions are‬ ‭ irected toward developing‬ d ‭the patient’s personality for‬ ‭productive personal and‬ ‭community living.‬ ‭Virginia Henderson‬ ‭The patient is a person who‬ ‭requires help to reach‬ ‭independence.‬ ‭Nursing practice is‬ ‭independent, autonomous‬ ‭nursing functions are‬ ‭identified, and self-help‬ ‭concepts are described.‬ ‭Faye Abdullah‬ ‭Nursing is a problem-solving‬ T ‭ he 21 nursing care problems‬ ‭art and science used to‬ i‭dentified were based on‬ ‭identify the nursing problems‬ ‭research and can be used to‬ ‭of patients as they move‬ ‭determine patient needs and‬ ‭toward health and cope with‬ ‭formulate nursing-focused‬ ‭illness-related health needs.‬ ‭care.‬ ‭Ida Jean Orlando‬ ‭ he nurse reacts to the‬ T ‭Uses the nursing process to‬ ‭patient’s verbal and nonverbal‬ p ‭ rovide solutions to problems‬ ‭expression of needs, both to‬ ‭as well as to prevent‬ ‭understand the meaning of the‬ ‭problems.‬ ‭distress and to know what is‬ ‭needed to alleviate it.‬ ‭Ernestine Wiedenbach‬ ‭ ursing is an art; nursing is‬ N ‭providing nurturing care to‬ ‭patients.‬ ‭ linical nursing includes a‬ C ‭philosophy, a purpose, the‬ ‭practice, and the art. Care is‬ ‭directed toward a patient’s‬ ‭perceived healthcare needs.‬ ‭Myra E. Levine‬ ‭Emphasis is on the ill person‬ ‭in the healthcare setting;‬ ‭describes detailed nursing‬ ‭skills and actions.‬ ‭The patient is the center of‬ ‭nursing activities, with‬ ‭nursing care provided based‬ ‭on four conversation‬ ‭principles to help patients‬ ‭adapt to their environment.‬ ‭Imogene King‬ ‭The patient is a personal‬ ‭system within a social‬ ‭system; the nurse and the‬ ‭patient experience each other‬ ‭and the situation, act and‬ ‭react, and transact.‬ ‭Nursing is a process of‬ ‭ uman interactions as nurses‬ h ‭and patients communicate to‬ ‭mutually set goals, and‬ ‭explore and agree on the‬ ‭means to reach them.‬ ‭Sister Callista Roy‬ ‭Humans are biopsychosocial‬ ‭Nursing interventions are‬ ‭beings existing within an‬ ‭environment. Needs are‬ ‭created within interrelated‬ ‭adaptive modes: physiologic‬ ‭self-concept, role function,‬ ‭and interdependence.‬ ‭required when people‬ ‭demonstrate ineffective‬ ‭adaptive responses.‬ ‭Madeleine Leininger‬ ‭ aring is the central theme of‬ C ‭nursing care, knowledge, and‬ ‭practice.‬ ‭This provides the function of‬ ‭transcultural nursing care.‬ ‭Caring improves human‬ ‭conditions and life processes.‬ ‭Betty Newman‬ ‭Humans are in constant‬ ‭relationship with stressors in‬ ‭the environment.‬ ‭ he major concern for‬ T ‭nursing is keeping the‬ ‭patient’s system stable‬ ‭through accurately assessing‬ ‭the effects of environmental‬ ‭stressors and assisting the‬ ‭patient with adjustments‬ ‭required for optimal wellness.‬ ‭Dorothy E. Johnson‬ ‭Nursing problems arise when‬ ‭there are disturbances in the‬ ‭system or subsystem, or the‬ ‭level of behavioral‬ ‭functioning is below an‬ ‭optimal level.‬ ‭ ursing interventions are‬ N ‭designed to support/maintain‬ ‭health, educate, counsel, and‬ ‭modify behavior.‬ ‭Rosemarie Parse‬ ‭Nola Pender‬ ‭The person continually‬ ‭Health is a continual, open‬ ‭interacts with the‬ ‭process (rather than an‬ ‭environment and participates‬ ‭absence of illness), with‬ ‭in maintaining health.‬ ‭nursing care planned based on‬ ‭the patient’s perspective of‬ ‭health and care.‬ ‭ he goal of nursing is the‬ T ‭optimal health of the person,‬ ‭with a focus on how people‬ ‭make healthcare decisions.‬ ‭ actors significant to‬ F ‭health-promoting behaviors‬ ‭include a person’s beliefs‬ ‭about the importance of‬ ‭health and the perceived‬ ‭benefits of, and perceived‬ ‭barriers to, those behaviors.‬ ‭Participation in‬ ‭health-promoting behaviors is‬ ‭modified by one’s‬ ‭demographic and biologic‬ ‭characteristics.‬ ‭Patricia Benner and Judith‬ ‭Wrubel‬ ‭Nursing practice occurs‬ ‭ ithin a context of caring and‬ w ‭skill development. Caring is a‬ ‭common bond of people‬ ‭situated in a state of being‬ ‭that is essential to nursing.‬ ‭They presented a systematic‬ ‭description of stages of‬ ‭nursing practice: novice,‬ ‭advanced beginner,‬ ‭competent, proficient, and‬ ‭expert.‬ ‭Katerine Kolcaba‬ ‭Patient comfort exists in three‬ ‭forms: relief, ease, and‬ ‭transcendence. If a patient is‬ ‭comfortable, they will feel‬ ‭emotionally and mentally‬ ‭better, which will aid in‬ ‭recovery.‬ ‭ he role of the nurse is to‬ T ‭assess a patient’s comfort‬ ‭needs and create a nursing‬ ‭care plan to meet them.‬