Nationalism - Lecture Note

1.29 Lecture Opening Questions: → What is nationalism? Where does it come from? → What about nationalism inspires such collective emotion? → Is it an inherently negative or positive force? → Why is it such a dominating force in the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries? → What is race? When does it emerge and why? (race is a construct, but it has very real consequences) (even more consequential when nationalism becomes a race) → Are racial identities promoridial or social/political/individual constructions? → Are race and nation related? → Why is race such a dominating force in the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries? 1.31 Lecture ● “Am anfang war Napoleon” ○ Enlightened reforms under Napoleon ■ “My motto has always been: a career open to all talents, without distinctions of birth” ■ Brought an end to structural inequality in the French legal system ■ Social status no longer exclusively determined rights ■ Weakend trade guilds (federation/workers’ union) ■ Feudalism no longer operated as the only economic structure in Europe ● Villeins and Serfs, would own the land and have individuals who live on the land, the lord takes the profits and you are there rentfree for your service ■ Notions of civil equality and natural rights emerge ● Human Rights Doctrine - The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1793) ○ In France and their colonies, makes all men and women (including slaves) equal ■ Holy Roman Empire → Confederation of the Rhine (1806) ● 304 states → 39 states (still no central state) ● Johann Gottlieb Fichte ○ Author of “the Fatherland address” ● Congress of Vienna (1815) ○ After the death of Napoleon, national leaders meet to put Europe back together ○ Rid of all of Napoleon's reformations to take back their autonomy ○ Three specific goals: ■ Attempt to reaffirm/reaseret their dynastic legitimacy ■ Within their own empires (comparatively), they want to create clear borders ■ Mandate the sovereign's supreme authority/control ■ Key Takeaway: despite the initial success of this congress, you cannot put the toothpaste back in the tube ● Commonalities of the Age ○ Public embrace of Enlightenment principles and rationalism ○ Role of the State expanded and was more centralized ■ E.g. bureaucracies, police force, regulation in aspects of life ○ Literacy, modes of communication, urban/industrialization, and technological innovation spread in western and central Europe ○ Governments identified “national” populations and codified their existence politically, socially, and economically ■ I.e. Austrian-Hungarian Empire, division of populations that eventually leads to the development of nationality ○ Emergence of sovereign nationals and ethnic minorities (recognized at a federal level) ■ Basic Conclusions of this period regarding nationalism: ● National identity was primordial and fixed ● National identity was absolute and unchangeable ● Transgenerational: lives on in the spirit of people ■ These basic conclusions have become the basic problems that can create toxic nationalism 2.3 Lecture ● Immanuel Kant ○ Enlightened thinker ○ In 1783, “What is Enlightenment” ■ Is man’s emergence from self-imposed nonage ■ Nonage is the inability to use one’s understanding without another’s guidance ■ Sapere Aude! Dare to know! ● Print capitalism ○ Facilitates the formation of an imagined community though the publication of novels/newspapers/other print media in a common vernacular as a means to maximize circulation ● “Created the idea of the ‘meanwhile’ -- the ability to think about a commonality between peoples that were doing the exact same thing, but would never meet one another” ● Language gave a new fixity to history that made it seem it reached back to antiquity 2.5 ● Print Capitalism is a key takeaway from Anderson, this makes common languages mainstream, giving individuals the power of conversation without Latin ● Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830) ○ Invite King Louis XVIII to retake the throne ■ “Constitutional” Monarchy ■ Charter of 1814: a constitution for France ● Everybody is supposedly equal before the law ● Equal due process is afforded ● Freedom of Religion (Catholic Church declared as a national church, that leads to discrimination against other religions) ○ Monarchical Nostalgia at first with the old order being restored ■ Dies due to poor health ○ His younger brother Charles X (1824-1830) takes the throne ■ Believed in the “divine right of kings” ■ Attempts to pass the Anti-Sacrilege Act (1825) ● Says we are going to get rid of all religions accept Catholicism, and afford priests and the church any benefits we can ● “Necessary to correct a wrong after so many years of indifference or impiety” ■ Leads to the July Ordinance (1830) ● Attempts to dissolve all French Chambers of Government ● Restrictions of the press ● Call for new elections so he can rig them with supporters ○ This dramatically fails and leads to overthrow in the July Revolution of 1830 ○ Louis Philippe and the House of Orleans (cousin of Louis XVIII) ■ In 1830 declared himself “The King of the French” not the “King of France”, established himself as a Frenchman, not just a King ● A clear indication of nationalism ● “We are looking to hold a balance, equal distance from excess of popular power and abuse of royal power” (1830 Coronation) ● German Confederation (est. 1815) ○ Similar to Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine ○ Organization of 39 German States loosely/politically connected ■ Vormarz (pre-march) Confederation ■ Economic relationships and the pledge of mutual defense kept them together ○ Loosely organized around the Federal Assembly under Austrian Presidency that meets in Frankfurt at most, once a year ■ Austria was able to rule over a traditional power, their dynasty had an influential relationship in Europe, still not a unified state ○ Romanticism, nationalism, and humanism unites ○ Zollverein (1834): if you are a member of the German Confederation, there is no tax or tariff to trade within the 39 states ■ Incentive to stay within the economy, economic stimulus ○ Created a growing sense of German Dualism ■ Two powers in the German Confederation: Austria and Prussia ■ Austrian empire split between the German Confederation and not 2.17 Lecture ● The Prussians have Sanssouci “Without Problems, Without Work” a somewhat French building in Germany ○ Prussian Junkers → Aristrocats ■ Want to maintain the status quo to keep influence/lifestyle ● Austiran Empire and the “Age of Metternich” ○ Vibrant culture with a cosmopolitan capital in Vienna ○ Prince Klemens von Metternich ■ Aristocrat who found a monarchical holding ■ He was Austria’s chief diplomat for the Congress of Vienna ● Very influential in the process ■ Hegemony of Austrain Monarchy ■ “The word freedom means for me not a point of departure but a genuine point of arrival. Freedom cannot exist without the concept of order” ■ Anti-Nationalist and Anti-Liberal ● Anti-Liberal in the economic sense ■ Wary of Prussia and its power ■ Advocate for a balance of power in Europe ● Italian States (mid 1800s) ○ Currently, product of about 1500 years of development/Roman Rule ○ The Papal States were now included with the rest of the Italian states ● Italy and the “Age of Metternich” ○ “Italy is only a geographical expression” - Metternich ■ Italy would be a direct threat to him and hegemony in Austria ● Eastern Europe ○ Ottoman Empire going into the mid 19th century ■ In 1850, they were a weaker power then they had been, but in territorial control and trade they still had power, a dynastic power ○ Russia ■ Under the Czars, serfdom still existed, still feudalism ■ The only absolutist system that remains in Europe ■ Crime and Punishment took place in St.Petersburg 1866 ● Legacies of the Congress of Vienna ○ Dismissal of a Napoleonic code ○ Monarchical powers still exist ○ Trade and economic policies ■ Dynastic leadership could not stamp down Napoleonic reforms ● Liberal Revolutions in Europe (1848) ○ Not possible without Napoleon or the French Revolution ○ France: ■ (1830-1848) Louis Phillippe and the House of Orleans was left in power ● Keeps bureaucratic institutions and the government is increasing run more and more autocratically in political/economic policies ○ Leads to intense corruption, rights are limited ● By February 1848, Louis is overthrown and abdicated and ushers in the Second French Revolution ○ The government decides to operate without a monarch, until the Summer of 1848 they operate to try and pass more reforms for France, and then quickly shifts to move in a more conservative direction ● Second French Republic declared on 23 February 1948 ○ Liberal Reforms: ■ End of the death penalty ■ Abolition of slavery abroad ■ Freedom of the press (complete) ■ Universal male suffrage ○ “June Days” (1848) ■ Workers in urban areas try to revolt but fail to overthrow the government ■ French Constitution of 1848 (elected office) ■ Election of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (cousin of Napoleon) ● In an election with 7.4 million, he takes 5.5 million ○ Votes from Rural populations for hope of reforms like the o.g. Napoleon put in place ● 3 years later, he declared himself emperor, leading to ● The Second French Empire (1852) ● German Confederation in (February 1848) ○ Series of revolutions primarily across the Western German states that spread ■ They (urban pops.) want to form a united German state ● Monarchical figures are obviously against this ■ Want to form the Frankfurt National Assembly (not unlike US congress) ● They descend on this space in Frankfurt to attempt and recreate the US’s move towards its own democracy ○ Lasts an entire year ● Leads to: ○ The dismissal of Austria in their new government ○ Constitution in 1849 that is taken to the King of Prussia (Friedrich Wilhelm IV) ■ Would place him as the King of Germany ● “I will not accept a crown from the gutter” ● Reification of Vienna (1849) ○ After Fredrich Wilhem IV turns down the constitution the German states are basically thrown back to before the Frankfurt National Assembly ● Commonalities of this Age ○ A delicate balance: reification of monarchical rule and nationalist politics ○ Education, literacy, urbanization, and equal rights ○ Political dilemma: government and ruling elites v. liberal movement ○ Sovereign nationals and national minorities ○ After 1848, sovereign leaders could no longer control and ignore nationalism ■ Monarchies cannot seem to be overthrown 2.10 Lecture ● Italian States (circa 1850) ○ Alessandro Manzoni (a poet/philosopher from Milan) ■ Published The Betrothed ● About a plague that befalls Northern Italy in the 1620-1630s, ruled in an absolutist manner ● Written in the 1840s about Italy’s main antagonist, Austria ○ Camillo Di Cavour and “Italian Realpolitik” ■ Uses the military and forces at his disposal in Piedmont Sardinia to unify, by force, the Italian States ● He understands that the Austrians will get involved if he tries ○ Forms alliance with France (who has had altercations with Austria in the past) ○ Plombieres Agreement in 1858 ■ If France helps Cavour/Piedmont Sardina, Italy will then give Savoy to France in 1860 ○ Napoleon III wants to be involved because he wants to be like his uncle Napoleon Bonaparte ■ In 1860, Cavour launches his effort to unify ■ Goes into war with Austria, and France comes to support ■ April 1859: Battle of Montebello ● French and Cavour are victorious ○ Napoleon III reaches out to Austria and France pulls out of the war ○ The war ends still that year, and Venitia stays with Austria, and Savoy goes to France ○ Giuseppe Garibaldi, The Unification of Italy (1860-1870) ■ With no connection to the French government/any government decides that the map of Italy is not suitable ● Pan-Italian nationalist ■ With his supporters, Garibaldi’s “Red Shirts”, go on a rampage through Italy marching up into the North ● He gets near the Papal States and tells the government that the Kingdom of the two Sicilies needs to be included (1861) ○ The Kingdom of Italy (1861) ■ The Papal States and Venetia remain apart of the kingdom ● Taking over the Papal States would have been an unpopular move ○ King Victor Emmanuel II ■ The monarchy of Piedmont-Sardina becomes the political establishment of the Kingdom of Italy ● Cavour becomes his Prime Minister ○ Passes away, naturally, 3 months after this ■ The German Confederation (during the 1860s) ● Romantic views of German Nationhood continue to linger ○ Aristocratic spaces, Prussian elties, etc. ■ Otto Von Bismarck (b.1815-1898) ● Chancellor of Prussia in 1858, an anti-nationalist and anti-socialist, “classic conservative in Prussia” ● He begins to understand that nationalism was not going away ○ Begins to consider how he could use German nationalism to his own benefit ○ “Iron and blood” speech ○ We will unify Germany’s nationalism in need to define Prussia’s independence in that state ○ Coins the term “realpolitik” ■ The notion that passions have to be cut off and an extreme realist/logical thought line ○ Schleswig-Holstein (1864), lower part of modern Denmark ■ 1852, the London Protocol passed and established the two spaces in Denmark, remain independent to avoid conflict ■ King Christian IX (Denmark) ● Wants to include both Northern and Southern Schleswig into the Kingdom of Denmark ● Prussian-Austrian Dualism ○ February 1 1864, invasion occurs ■ Prussia and Austria unify against this force and to fight back for the unification of German states ● Unify in a war against Denmark ○ Peace of Vienna (1864) ■ Prussia maintains control over Northern and Southern Schleswig ■ Austria controls Holstein ○ 1866, Prussia and Austria conflict ■ Second War of German Unification ○ Austro-Prussian War (1866) ■ Incredibly violent conflict following the US Civil War ● Prussia is victorious and the King wants to implement a harsh peace, that nearly annexes all of Austria’s German Lands ○ Bismark intervenes and does not endorse Prussia ■ An alliance needs to be formed with Austria, so a kind peace needs to be implemented ■ They don’t annex, but does not allow them to work with the German Confederation ● They are not longer considered a German territory 2.12 ● North German Confederation (1866) ○ Southern States who allied with Austria in the Prussian War, but they want to remain in the German Confederation, but they stay out of the Northern conf. ■ Culturally identify more with Austria, but stay in the confederation ○ Louis Napoleon III decides to intervene and take advantage of the chaos of these states caught in limbo ● Queen Isabella II of Spain is overthrown by revolutionary forces (1868) ○ Spain had gone through many monarchs and had led more to Republic governments but still reverted back to monarchies ■ Revolutionists wanted to keep the monarchy but not her: ● Reach out to: Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen ○ Relative to the Prussian monarchy ● Napoleon III feels threatened by Spain and Germany ○ All parties involved decide Hohenzollern is not a fit (1870) ○ Napoleon II dispatches his emissaries/ambassadors to the North German Confederation to where the King of Prussia is vacationing, the French ambassador then confronts him and makes him guarantee no Prussian leaders in Spain (July 1870) ■ Ems Dispatch (July 1870) ● Account that was send on the King’s account ○ Otto Von Bismark reports this to the press and somewhat distorts the truth ■ Lies that they wouldn’t see the French ambassador to try and stoke the nationalist fires in urban France and with Napoleon III ● German mobilization and industrial superiority, if it came to war, the North German Confederation would be better off: ○ Railroads ○ Quicker mobilization ● Franco-Prussian War (August 1870) ○ Arguably lasts into 1871, relatively short war but was highly destructive ○ The Battle of Sedan (September 1871) leads to Prussian victory ■ Bismark v. Napoleon III ● Napoleon III is captured but instructs his army to continue down South and lay siege to Paris ○ Eventually surrendered and abdicates the French throne ○ Bismark gathers allies and goes into Versile’s Hall of Mirrors and enact the proclamation of the German Empire ● Germany’s path to unification ○ Powerful centralized state unified the nation-state ○ The unifying state created the nation-state in its image (Prussia) ○ Literate and educated populace -- romantic notions of nationhood ○ Economic and military ability to forge these states -- violent affair ○ Foreign policy and political circumstance ■ Diplomatic outreach and advocacy for your rights to territories ○ Common enemy ■ Able to relate against the common enemies of Europe (Denmark, Austria, France) to form a unified state for Germany ○ 1871 - Germany annexes Reichsland ■ A state close to France is taken because of a power move/natural resources/ benefits to Germany economically ● Attempt to make it impossible to make them unable to go to war with them ○ Also demanded war reparations and harsh consequences ■ Creation of the Paris commune for 6 months ● Germany, Italy, and France are all unified on a map at this time ○ Local monarchs that held seats for hundreds of years were being referred to regulate through Berlin which caused problems ■ Karl Marx was a critic of Napoleon III and of France nationalism: ● “Thus the great mass of the French nation is formed by the simple addition of homonymous magnitudes, much as potatoes in a sack form a sack of potatoes” ○ Its small peasants/people that make up the society 2.14 Lecture ● Who embodies the nation? ○ Nationalism has real consequences, but is a fluid notion ○ An individual may not have a clear state, but they have their religion ● Kulturkampf (cultural struggle) ○ A series of moves by Bismark to limit the rights of Catholic individuals, priests are forced to report to authorities their sermon, free press was limited to try and ostracized Catholic Germans ■ Bismark essentially says that one cannot be a German and Catholic ● Nationalism in search of a state ○ A state consolidates around something to create community ■ Challenge to existing power networks ■ Not ethnically homogenous or isolated (Romanticism) ■ More inclusive and not “inherently limited” ■ Often more class orientated ■ Socio-economic positions in society ● Those who embody the nation … and those who do not ● The Bordereau (September 1894) ○ In Paris and in the wastebasket of an ambassador, a maid (actually an agent) finds a torn up document that was actually military information, the ambassador was a mole ■ Max Von Schwartzkoppen (German mole) ● Create a situation in France ■ General Auguste Mercier ● Takes charge of the investigation (in October) ○ Blames: Captain Alfred Dreyfus ■ He was Jewish. ● The first and only Jewish person in this French government office, he also was from Alsace-Lorraine (now belongs to Germany) and is under occupation ■ Mercier hires someone to do “handwriting analysis” and leads to Dreyfus being arrested ■ Brought before a sham court marshall where everything is report ● Le Traitre (5 January 1895) ○ Mutters Viva la France when he leaves ○ Booted to French Guinana ■ For a couple of months all seems fine and nothing is reported ■ George Picquart (head of the French military police organization) ● Believes that Dreyfus is not truly guilty ● For years, he investigates who is guilty until (1798) ○ Leads him to Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy ■ A captain of the French military ■ Originally from the Austro-Hungarin Empire ● This individual was always in debt and had a gambling/drinking problem ○ Couldn’t prove that he was guilty, but he takes a writing sample and finds an exact match with the Bordereau ○ Takes this to his superiors and they are furious and discredit his findings ■ However, there were individuals in public society that did not believe Dreyfus was guilty ■ Came to be known as Dreyfusards: ■ Organized by members of the Drefys family, notable politicians, and figures convinced of Dreyfus’ innocence ■ Maintained the notion that Esterhazy acted alone ● They move to a trail, and the government keeps it quiet, during the same time the dreyfusards appealed to the French public for support ○ Beginnings of the mass appeal in France ■ Emile Zola: a newspaper editor ○ “Innocent!” (12 January 1898) ○ J’accuse on the next day is written by Zola who doesn’t blame the government, but blames the French public who sat aside when Dreyfus was unrightfully persecuted ■ This trial and Dreyfus tear apart French communities ○ Motivate of anti-dreyfusards: ■ Anti-revisionism ■ Deference to the staff, the military is right ■ Fear of socialism ● A fear that if the lower classes gain an upper hand, the elites won’t have a position any more ■ Mass politics ■ Anti-semitics ○ On the 7 August on 1899 they retry Dreyfus and he is once again found guilty ■ This time, they let him return to society ■ Dreyfus still goes in to serve in WWI for the French 2.17 Lecture ● Anti-Judaism is not equal to antisemitism ○ Wilhelm Marr (1879) ■ German journalist ■ Based on “science” during the rise of eugenics ■ He doesn’t call himself a religious man, but a scientist ● Coins the term anti-semitism because jewish people are apparently a different race ● Political “antisemitism” ○ Karl Lueger (1897-1910), mayor of Vienna ■ Member of the Christian democratic party ■ “Traditional” ● During elections, he would roll out anti-semetic views against jewish populations to gain support ● “Reactionary” movement ● Quote in Mein Kampf ● Religious persecution and nationalism ○ While this is happening, colonialism is taking place and their enlightenment justifications for their actions ● Justifications for overseas imperialism ○ Economic and trade potential (mercantilism) ■ Spanish conquest: gold, glory, and god ■ White man’s burden ○ “Civilizing mission” and the belief in cultural superiority ○ Codification of legal codes, administrative culture, and political systems ■ Belief that Europeans have superior traits and cultures ○ Spread of christainity (missionaries) ○ Cultivation of “empty space” ■ Manifest destiny ○ “Technological superiority” ○ “Great power” politics (strategic advantage) ○ Humanitarian intervention ■ “They” need Europe’s help ○ Denial Of Coevalness ■ “Other” “primitive” “savage” are terms created by Euroeans to justify intervention ● With this, we are saying that these cultures are backwards or are falling behind the times 2.19 Lecture → The Nation is an Age of Empire ● The Ottoman Empire ○ Waning, in territory and power by the 19th century ○ Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) ■ Russians took the victory ● Russian empire wanted access to warm water ports, like the Medetterian or the Black Sea ○ Treaty of San Stefano (1878) ■ Through this treaty Bulgaria was doubled in size ■ Created Rumenia (Romania) ● The British becomes involved (King George V) ○ British step in and involved France and Germany for an intervention ■ Scrap the whole treaty of San Stefano for the Treaty of Berlin (1878) ■ Allows Bulgaria to still exist, Romania and Rumenia exist at the same time, Serbia is expanded, a considerable amount of territory was given back to the Ottoman Empire ■ Russia’s port was taken from them, but they understood they had to play along or cause problems, creates the seed of issues for Europe, first international agreement that brings powers together to set up an international protocol and sets of rules ■ Article 61 - The Treaty of Berlin ● “The sublime porte undertakes to carry out, without further delay, the improvements and reforms demanded by local requirements in the provinces inhabited by the Armenians, and to guarantee their security against the Circassian and Kurds. It will periodically make known the steps taken to this effect to the Powers, who will superinted their application.” ○ This required these nations to annually report back to the power nations on their progress/following of rules ○ How nations have to treat minorities ● The road to hell is paved … ○ Stabilize the Balkans ○ Afford equal rights to “minority populations” ■ Jews in Romania ■ Armenians and Greeks in Ottoman Empire (Anatolia) ○ Reduce the power of the Ottoman Empire ■ “Sick man” of Europe ● The Ottoman Empire was losing its influence, the treaty was about keeping it alive but not letting it expand ○ Balance the interests of Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Great Britain: ■ Austria-Hungary control over Bosnia-Herzegovina ■ Russia and “pan-slavism” ● Russia is permitted to intervene ■ Great Britain was given access to Cyprus to watch the growing influence of Russia in the region ● … with good intentions ○ Signatories formally recognized minority ethnic and religious communities as distinct : actually is a category for different groups, for good or bad ○ Signatories establish international protocols, but lack and enforcement authorities ○ Signatories afford sovereign governments responsibility to manage stateless (minority) populations ● Berlin Conference (1884-1885) ○ Not related with the “Scramble for Africa” ■ Tried to legally justify what had already happened in Africa ○ Completes three key impacts for colonialism moving forward: ■ From the General Act of the Conference of Berlin ● 1.) vow to end slavery amongst “Black and Islamic powers” ● 2.) delegates declare the Congo Free State as the private property of Belgian King Leopold II ● 3.) all colonial conquest must be legal in the eyes of the entire European community ○ Coined the “Principle of Effectivity” ■ Powers could acquire rights over colonial lands only if they actually possessed them with treaties with local leaders and assumed administration to police the colony, prove effective control ● Moments of destabilization among local communities was an example of poor control ○ The Colonial Southeast Asia (circa 1914) ■ Control over Indonesia/ that region ○ Effectivity and its consequences ■ If colonial populations failed to realize the “benefit” of imperial rule, Europeans deemed it permissible to use all means necessary, including physical violence, to show them its virtue ● Joseph Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness” 2.21 Lecture → Effectivity in Europe’s Overseas Empires ● Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) ○ First one occurred fifteen years earlier ■ Carved out some independence in the region ■ The Boers are originally Dutch colonizers (also Afrikaners) ○ The orange free state and Transvaal were marked as Dutch territories ○ If the second war went on, the British worried that they would lose the region ○ From the course of 3 years they send over 450,000 troops into the southern African region, and quickly overwhelm the standing armies ■ They occupy for 3 years and carry out horrific acts of violence ● This war could not seem to end ○ In 1900, the British escalate their attacks and war efforts to try to end ■ Imprison everyone they assume could be a Boer gorilla ● Illegal act ○ The British make concentration camps to only old individuals from 1889-1902, not made to systematically kill like Hitler’s ■ All about creating a level of stability in the region ○ Both sides in 1902 eventually sign a peace treaty, both the Boer states are taken into the British Cape Colony (in 1910 becomes the Union of South Africa which eventually becomes the state of South Africa) ■ An example of effectivity and its consequences ● Rich trading region including diamonds/gold with wanted ports (white minority rule) ● French Algeria (1830-1962) ○ Algeria was arguably the most important colony for the French ■ The french were interested in the space because of the territorial control in the space (rich for trade purposes, some rare minerals were found) ● Primarily because the French were interested in building railroads and a strong influence to check the British colonies to the South and to the East (Egypt) ■ After WWII, France extends full citizenship rights to all Algerians in fear of losing the territory ● France did not try to push catholicism, but French was the only publicly spoken language ○ French Algerian War 1953 - 1962 ■ The French effort to erase all African culture to replace with French ideals left scars on the nation ■ “Nothing was left to chance” by Frantz Fanon ● (The Wretched of the Earth) ● Fought in WWII for the French Army, eventually serves with the free Algerian forces fighting for freedom ○ “When we consider the resources deployed to achieve the cultural alienation so typical of the colonial period, we realize that nothing was left to chance and that the final aim of colonization was to convince the indigenous population it would save them from darkness. The result was to hammer into the heads of the indigeouns population that if the colonist were to leave they would regress into barbaris, degradation, and beastiality.” ■ The inherent violence of colonialism is physical violence, but to Fanon what is even worse is the mental side-effects of the minds of the colonists ● Convinced if the French left, the culture wouldn’t survive and violently fall apart ■ In Wretched of the Earth, he argues the only way to fight back to the French was with violence, fire with fire ○ Germany’s Colonial Empire (1884 - 1915) ■ Spread around the world from the Pacific Archipelagos, Africa, some diaspora connections in Brazil/South America ■ German Southwest Africa (present day Namibia) ● Acquired in 1884, it is Germany’s only settler colony ○ Germans would settle instead of just taking natural resources, this is arguably more violent in theory because the people/ecology are replaced by the colonizers ■ German East Africa (DOA) (present day Kenya and Tanzania) ● Was not a German settlement colony, but was more resemblance to what the British had in South Africa ○ Make money through the colony ○ “Another town, another girl” was used the colonialists, especially Germans, to leave a boy and come back a man ● Theodor Leutwein was sent to be the Governor of the territory ○ Wants to create a stable colony with treaties ■ Angers many Germans, they think that he is signing over the rights of Germany to those who should be colonised ● Lebens Raum ○ January of 1904, German settlers supposedly noted that the Herrero populations revolution ■ Some settlers did die ○ They send this information to the German state with an SOS, they send several thousand troops ■ German-Herero-Namaqua War (1904-1908) ● Chief Hendrik Witbooi and the Namaqua ○ Speaks out against the Germans and sides with the Herrero, he had a record of winning against Germans ■ Regularly spoke with Germans in powers ■ “I have for ten years stood by your law, under your law, and behind your law …” (full quote on phone photos) ○ Joins the Herreros, his rivals, to fight ● Germany sends Lothar Von Trotha ○ A veteran of Germany, profound racist, proceeds to engage in a violent war ● Summer 1904, in Waterberg, he assumes that the Namaqua had been surrounded (religious site) ○ Allows some of the Herroro escape east and not return ■ Doesn’t allow them to return at all, not even for water or supplies ○ October of 1904, declares a letter to the Herror people, calling them no longer the subjects of Germany, out of cowardice they no longer wish to fight, offers rewards for the Chief and the officers, will force the Herrero to leave the land, will no longer accept women and children ■ Referred to as the Analiahation Order today ● Germany conducted the first genocied with 100,000-120,000 dying in the region or placed in concentration camps ○ From 1904-1908 ○ Dangerous potential of “enlightened” conquest ■ After the genocide ends, the colony has a different purpose ● Suddenly race became the main factor in how Germans conducted policy ○ Case of Carl Becker ■ Long historical trajectory of colonial racism