Domestic Enemies

2/24-28 Lecture → “Domestic Enemies” in Europe before World War I ● Ottoman Empire (1878) ○ Sultan Abdul Hamid II: Turkey was no different than other dynastic realms ■ Recognises that Europe’s eye is not on Turkey, and decides to enact vengeance to the others (Armenians) ● Hamidian Massacres (1894-1896) ○ The “Red Sultan” in France’sLe Rire ○ Young Turk Revolution (July 1908) ■ Young Turks try and change the meaning of Turk ■ Group of educated young mean trying to enact change ● Turks are only individuals from Anatolia only ■ Begs the question, can one be Turksih and another religion at the same time ● i.e. can Jewish people in Kunitz also be German? ■ “ … shared one core premise: the nationalism of a dominant ethcnic group, which was understood to mean the Turks” (Akcam) ○ “The Three Pashas” ■ These three individuals were all born in previously occupied territory of the Ottoman Empire, they wanted the territory back and understood that a strong nationalistic movement was needed ● In their view: ○ Remove the Sultan, the sovereign above all us ○ Creation of bureaucracy and police systems ○ Constitution to implement changes ■ Looks to Germany as the ideal state to become ● Want to form a trade/economic relationship ■ Begin to construct the Berlin to Baghdad Railway ● Improve economic connections, and gives this railway for the future of conflict ○ Kaiser Wilhem II of Germany ■ He viewed nationalism as an essential tool for the country/conflict ■ Jealous of Bismark’s legacy, always lived in his shadow ● Looked to Turkey as a place for development ■ Appreciation for the industrial sectors/capitalism of Germany ● Viewed land ownership as a display of power ■ Krupp Family → steel manufacturing with weapons for conflict ● Emperor Franz Joseph II, Emperor of the Austrio-Hungarian Empire ○ Began his reign in 1848, still viewed the empire as only his subjects ■ Balance between nationalism and his empire ● Archduke Franz Ferdinand ○ Still a member of the dynastic realm, but was more realistic of their world ○ People have discovered that had he taken the throne, he would have created a federation, still a monarchy, but realized he could not ignore nationalism ● Otto Von Bismarck - Congress of Berlin (1878) ○ “I cannot tell you when an explosion will occur, but I can tell you where … some damned foolish thing in the Balkans set it off.” ● History is not a study of inevitable events, movements, or revolutions. Anyone who says otherwise is either purposefully misleading or lazy. ● Dangerous Potentials leading to WWII: ○ A desire to maintain the political status-quo ○ Geo-political rivalry ○ Memory of events from a not so distant past ○ Collective national fear and anger ○ Glorification (romanticism) of war ○ Socio-economic disparity and revolutionary parties ○ Alliance system and the political inflexibility ● European Alliance System ○ 1871 → Franco-Prussian War: ■ Germany aimed to isolate France ○ 1873 → Three Emperors League ■ Germans, Russians, and Austo-Hungarians ● France is isolated from this group ○ 1879 → Germany and Austria-Hungary form the Dual Alliance ■ Wouldn’t work with Russia so split into a partnership ○ 1882 → Italy joins Germany and Austria-Hungary ■ Form the Triple Alliance ● Defensive alliance, not a “blank check” ○ 1888 → Kaiser Wilhelm died and Wilhelm II becomes the German Kaiser ■ A factor in the road to war, starts to stir the alliance system ○ 1892 → France and Russia form the Franco-Russian Alliance ■ France loans money for the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway ○ 1904 → France and Great Britain sign theEntente Cordiale ■ Out of the near conflict for the Nile’s headwaters in colonial Egypt ■ Develops into a defensive alliance ○ 1907 → France, Great Britain, and Russia form the Triple Entente ● The Spark (28 June 1914) ● Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia (23 July 1914) ○ Austria sends a three page list of demands to reduce their sovereignty ■ They understand that Serbia won’t accept this ■ When they don’t agree to it, an excuse for conflict ■ Germany issues Austria the “blank check” ● “I have never before seen one state address to another independent state a document of such formidable character.” ○ Serbia agrees to the demands, but won’t hand over their press ○ Austria still declares war on Serbia the next day ● German Declaration of War (31 July 1914) ● Armenian Resistance in Van (Spring 1915) ○ Talaat Pasha (Spring 1915) ■ Arrest order sent out 24 April, 1915 ● Businessmen, those who worked in banks, influencers were the first to be arrested within the Young Turk state ○ Tehcir Law (27 May, 1915) ○ Genocide deaths ranged between 500,000 to 1.2 million ● “Those who fell by the wayside. Scenes like this were common all over the Armenian provinces in the spring and summer months of 1915. The turkish policy was that of extermination in the disguise of mass deportation.” (US Ambassador) ● Trench Warfare in the West during 1915 ○ Fritz Harber → 1903, German scientist, creates synthetic fertilizers, in 1916: he was Jewish and developed the mustard gas that was used in the trenches ● Mobile war in the East (in Poland and the Ottoman Empire) ● A decisive year (February 1917) ○ Romanav’s fall/Bolshevik Revolution ■ Kerenzki government comes into power and wants to continue fighting ■ “Works of the World -- Unite!” Lenin takes power ■ Councils formed in Russia and with the councils (Soviets) the nation shifted more towards communist ideals ● Existed as an extreme and small party under government, and very few people could be members of the Bolshevik Party 3/2 Lecture → Communism, Democracy, and the Other Side of “Self-Determination” ● March 1918 → Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ○ Germany gains territory and wins the war in the east because of this treaty ○ Lenin is ok with this treaty because he expects that Russia and communism will rise up and take the territory back ● US joins the conflict → 14 Points Speech, Woodrow Wilson ■ His view for the world post WWI ● “Peoples are not to be handed about from one sovereignty to another by an international conference or an understanding of rivals and antagonists. People may now be dominated and governed only by their own consent.” Germany’s “dictatorship” ○ Paul Von Hindenburg and Erich Von Ludendorff ■ Victories in both the east and west ■ Kaiser Wilhem II leaned heavily on both for support ● They understand that if they did not win in the summer of 1918 then the war would be lost ○ Germans reach 30-40 miles outside of Paris at their closest and continue to be pushed back and back ○ By October 1918, Germany was pushed back through all of its gained territory to the original country’s border before the war began ■ Mutanies in Germany begin initially on the homefront and spread throughout the nation ○ Kaiser Wilhem II abdicates the throne ■ “Kaiser Abgedankt!” (9 November 1918) ○ On the same day,“A Republic!” crowds gather in Germany and members of the socialist party wanting a republic ● Ottoman Empire’s Armistice of Mudros (30 October 1919) ○ British signed with the Young Turks ■ Territory grabs and movements that were completed to take the Ottoman Empire before the US could speak out against the notion ● Prevent cases of “disorder” ○ Vague protocol for problems in the region to be dealt with to benefit Britain ● Talaat Pasha escapes to Berlin ○ Strong alliance with the state of Germany, nobody was yet aware of the Armenian Genocide ○ Survivors of the genocide commission Britain to find the 3 Pashas ■ No authority from a legal standpoint to capture/deal with him ○ In 1921, a group of Armenians plans action for March 15 when he is assassinated in Berlin ○ Cases of Disorder (May 1919) ■ Greek troops march into Smyrna ○ Turkish War of Independence (1920) ■ Attempts to absolve areas of western Turkey to be absorbed into Greece ■ Both sides immediately protest the draw lines ■ Young Turks and some of the Pashas are a part of this conflict ■ Mustafa Kemal emerges from Turkey ● Successful military general with strategy, captures a significant portion of the territory that was originally granted to Greece ● Smyrna, Greece ○ Named as a traditional Greek city state that turns into a battlefield in September 1922 ○ Ethnic cleansing with Greeks and Armenians, and even with Turkish populations in Greece ○ July 1923 → French and the British authorize the Treaty of Lausanne to formally create the nation state of Turkey, the state was supposed to be for Turkish peoples only ○ ATATÜRK becomes leader and reforms Turkey ■ A government that was establishing self determination for some individuals but not all of its own nation 3/4-6 Lecture → “The Other Side of “Self-Determination” and the Rise of Stalin ● Treaty of Lausanne (July 1923) ○ Established the borders of Turkey and Greece ○ “Population exchanges” in Turkey ■ Greek individuals in Anatolia were forced out of the region, the Turkish people in Greece were also removed ● Ethnic cleansing ● The other side of “self-determination” ○ The ideal state in this notion in a homogenous one ■ France is only for the French ● End of WWI: “The guns fall silent” (11 November 1918) ○ The war to end all wars? ■ Felt this way because they felt their established treaties would make it impossible to start conflict again, they felt that ethnic issues and strife is what caused the conflicts ● The ramifications of peace: ○ National homogeneity ○ International doctrine ■ Paris Peace Conference, with the Treaty of Versailles ○ Enhanced power of the state ■ Result of passports/identification ○ Bureaucracy and national police forces ○ “Population politics”: all “civilized peoples” deserve a state ○ “Population exchanges”: internationally recognized and sanctioned ■ Completely justified by homogeneity ○ “National self-determination” of states ■ “National aspirations must be respected; peoples may now be dominated and governed only by their own consent.” (Woodrow Wilson) ● The postwar “minority problem” in Czechoslovakia and France ○ Czechoslovakia → created theSudetenland ○ France → regains the Alsace-Lorraine region ■ Mix of Germans and French ● Keep “tabs” on the Germans ○ Strasbourg (1920) ● Italian irredentism ○ Supposedly gain territory while joining the allied powers during WWI ■ Italy is awarded nothing for their war efforts ● Anger formed from: ○ Loss of 650,000 Italian lives in the war ○ Severe economic loss ○ “Least among the great powers” ○ Benito Mussolini (journalist at the time) ■ Eventually forms the Italian Facist Party ● Term Facist comes from Fascio which was a battle standard in Roman times and tries to unite the country through history ● “Cauldron of national rancour” (Blackler) ● Storming the Winter Palace in Russia ○ Romanovs are forced to abdicate (February 1917) which leads to the Bolshevik Revolution (becomes the Solivet Union) ○ Vladimir Illyich Ulyanov “Lenin” ■ Law student in Russia, devout and determined rationalist (logic in all aspects of life), thought he could apply his logic to the entire nation ○ Leon Trotsky ■ One of the original seven members of the Polit Bureau (the only body with any legitimate authority for political decisions) the party was kept to only seven individuals to keep the party’s numbers small ● Creates and leads the Red Army ○ Joseph Stalin ■ One of the original seven members of the Polit Bureau , would funnel money to the communist party, believed in the use of violence, quiet compared to the others ● Russian Civil War (1918) ○ Even more violent that Russia’s involvement in WWI ■ Bolsheviks controlled the urban areas, conflict against the “white” army or Russians who eventually gain international support from US and UK ○ July 1918 → Romanov family murdered by the Bolsheviks ■ Bodies were finally discovered in a mass grave only 15 years ago ■ Massive international response that worsened the conflict ○ Red Army (led by Leon Trotsky) ■ Under his leadership, it grew several million and is ideologically driven ○ “War Communism” ■ The only way to be victorious is to conduct these ideals: ● Nationalized all industries and centralized management ● State control of all foreign trade (cut off all trade/aid/interactions) ● Strict discipline for workers (strikes/unions forbidden) ● Obligatory labor duty by non-working classes ● Prodrazvyorstka : ○ Requisition of agricultural surplus from peasants for centralized distribution ● Banned private enterprise of all kinds ○ Belief that private entities would inevitably fall into corruption ○ Successes of “War Communism” ■ Created a fighting force that had defeated the white “ Russians” ○ Failures of “War Communism” ■ Famines, food/supply shortages ■ Negatively impacted all common people of USSR ○ Lenin (1921) knew that this communism was not sustainably ■ New Economic Policy (NEP) ● Lenin allowed some small-scale private enterprises to exist ○ A shoe shortage led to private cobblers ● Nationalization of only large-scale industry and banking institutions ● Moscow invited some foreign investors to return ○ US is not one of the nations who recognizes the USSR ○ Germany provides most of the foreign investment ● “A strategic retreat” ○ Lenin reassures the USSR that they just need to weather the storm and the communism will be strong and spread globally ○ Crisis in Leadership (1922 - Lenin has a severe stroke) ■ Right when the Bolsheviks needed a unified figure, they essentially lost him ● Rise of Stalin (1922 → ) ○ Trotesky was the head of the military, but Stalin was appointed as the party’s secretary, Stalin had appointed individuals to positions to were loyal to him or to his opinion of the prime Bolshevik state ○ Stalin advocates for “Socialism in one country”: ■ Diverge from Marx’s ideals, everybody assumed that communism would be a worldwide force, it was a new notion to only enforce it in the USSR ● A working class nation to operate in the world for the betterment ○ Lenin dies in 1924, Stalin understands that socialism won’t take globally ○ Leon Trotsky, lev Kamenev, Gregorii Zinoviev, and Joseph Stalin ■ Between the original four there was tension about the future of USSR ○ “Left” v. “Right” in the Communist Party ○ Stalin’s influence within the Politburo ■ Is eventually the reason why he came out successfully, Trotsky goes into exile and ends up assassinated in Mexico (1940), through show trial, Stalin assassinated all of the original four ● In the process, he was able to establish “socialism in one country” ● “Great Turn” - Five Year Plan (1928 → ) ○ Make clear “national” economic intention/outcomes of the state ○ Encourage the Solviet Union to industrialize for the common good ○ Create urban and industrial centers ○ Nationalize farms that will “produce for the state” ■ Rid all private ownership (even small private gardens) ○ Stalin will eliminate the “Kulaks” (a small, poor group of farmers who resisted) ■ Only existed from Lenin’s new economic policy who granted ownership ■ Stalin treats them as if they were elites, he creates an entire campaign to strip the Kulaks of their land ● Propaganda campaigns with them hoarding from the USSR ■ First group to feel the full force/violence of Stalin ● Churchill (later) even notes that famine was the biggest turnoff/cause of conflict for Western Europe ■ “Seize the means of production” ○ Forced industrialization ■ Quotas, and measurements, led to death/deportation to Siberia ● Stalin’s “Dictatorship of the Proletariat” ○ One element that he takes from Marxism, a strong leader is needed to oversee and guide the nation towards strength/complete communism ● “Self-Determination” is not a mere phrase .. ○ Accept when talking about Germany. ■ Germany was denied time and time again this self determined state ■ Germany wins the war in the east and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918) and they did not take the territory that was to be given to them ● When the armistice in the west was signed, all of the conflict was on the Western front in Belgium and along the North France border ■ Treaty of Versailles (28 June 1919) ● Signed exclusively with Germany ○ Vindictive document that stokes anger - “The Diktat of Versailles”: ■ Germany lost 14% of its prewar territory ■ Germany was forced to forfeit its colonial empire to the League of Nations’ Mandate System ● These nations are eventually classified in A,B,C groups that go to allied power nations ● How the Middle East/Africa is shaped moving forwards ■ Entente Powers demilitarize theRhineland ■ German military is reduced to 100,000 soldiers (including the state’s reserves) ● Lost means to conduct offensive warfare ○ No airforce, tanks, navy ○ Lost all abilities to fight any offensive or defensive war ■ Article 231 - “War Guilt Clause” ● German officials are forced to admit that they are the “sole” and only cause for WWI ○ War reparations from Germany ■ Entente powers to forbid theAnshculb ● The relations between Germany and Austria were not allowed under the treaty ○ Similar vindictive measures to what France was given after the Franco-Prussian war from Germans ○ Denies the ability for Germany to have a homogenous state, with Wilson and western ideas trying to allow this for all other ethnicities/races/groups ■ German establishment does not want any other state to think they lost ● Public perception → the Jewish betrayed us ● Die Dolchstosslegende (Stab-in the back legend) ○ Member of the social democratic program who was Jewish, other groups involved ■ Representatives of big business, ties into the money argument that Jewish people who betray for wealth ○ In 1916, this myth spread among the military, the idea that German Jews were not doing their share, a 9 month study occurred, “The More Jews Fall in this War” ■ (1917) more than any other demographic, Jewish people are fighting for the state ● Further confirms that they could have destroyed the state/military ○ Claim it is a fake study ○ “The more Jews fall in this war, the more vehemently will their opponents prove that they all sat behind the frontlines, profiteering from the war. The hatred will double and treble.” (Walther Rathenau) ■ A Jewish individual who was so committed to the state and a German Nationalist and served the country, but was still targeted as a Jew ■ As a foregin minister, he helped ease some treaties to form economic relations with the West and USSR ■ Assassinated in Berlin in 24 June 1922 ● One of 300 plus killed by Consul 3/9 Lecture → A Troubled Beginning ● Was Germany and the rest of Europe on a collision course with the Second World War and the Holocaust? ○ → the combination of race and nation ○ No, history is not predetermined or inevitable ● Cafe Josty - Potsdamer Platz ○ In 1927, was a highlight of Weimar of new arts/entertainment ○ The “new woman” ■ Suffrage (1 ½ years before the US) ■ Women embrace their new political and economic freedoms ○ Profound scientific explorations ■ Understanding humanity philosophically ■ Sigmund Frued ○ “Taboo” subjects ■ Institut für sexualwissenschaft ● Very open to homosexuality ○ Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld ■ Sex is a normal aspect of life ■ “Soon the day will come when science will win a victory over error, justice a victory over injustice, and human love a victory over human hatred and ignorance.” ● In 1933, the first library the Nazis raided ■ Survives this, is fortunately in Paris when the Nazis come around and lives ○ “The founding of the German Republic” ■ Was a republic for the first time in history ● It was now the people’s societal decisions to shape the nation ■ Fredrich Ebert (SPD), First President of Germany ● SPD was the largest political party at the start of Weimar ○ Against monarchy, the concept of war ● Political Potentials in Weimar ○ Destruction of the old political order (though not universally) ■ No longer an aristocratic system that determines life ● No more Hapsburgs or Yunkers ■ Military is still primarily made up of higher society ○ Dissolution of the German Monarchy ■ No Kaiser Wilhem II ○ Highly liberal political system (too liberal?) ■ No voting restrictions, everyone could participate ● People wanted to participate ■ There was no threshold on what party could find a political place ● No one political party has had majority in the Reichstag ○ Introduction of universal women’s suffrage ■ Women are the largest voting block in Germany during Weimar ○ Extension of welfare benefits and programs ■ Unemployment benefits, veterans programs, subsidies, benefits for education ○ Weimar Constitution ■ Highly liberal document for the times ■ Attempted to create an entire new political society ■ Put Germany in a position to have better relations with its neighbors ● Locarno Treaties (1925) ○ Germany, UK, France ○ In exchange for UK and France to lessen some of the economic respiration demands on Germany, they would agree, forever, that its current border in the West was permanent (they would never seek Alsace-Lorraine or other territory) ■ Weimar agrees to this (German Nationalists strongly disagree) ● Want to establish better economic relations with the rest of Europe ● Weimar’s promise … ○ Declaration of a Republic for the first time in German history ○ Weimar Constitution ○ Egalitarian society ○ Political freedom and social progress ■ Women, poor, children, people of color, etc. ○ Art, music, architecture, and literature ○ “Modernity” at its height ■ A state of experimentation where people could be themselves ● Contrast between the monarchy and WWI before ● … and troubles ○ “A Solviet [Germany]!” (9 November 1918) ■ Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg ○ Spartakusaufstand (Spartacus Rebellion) (January 1919) ■ The German communists try to overthrow the government in a similar effort to how the Bolsheviks took the USSR ■ Bavarian Soviet Republic (April 1919) ● Secedes from Germany with the capital of Munich and attempts to make an alliance with Leon Trotsky/USSR ○ When the Weimar government comes into being, the remainder of military turns into nationalist militias: ■ Freikorps ● Wanting to declare a republic that only values the og. German Nationalists ● Der Stahlhelm ● President Ebert reaches out and stokes the hate of communism with these militias, they agree to fight back ○ 1919-1920s a civil war of sorts in Germany against communism, violent period ○ Der Stahlhelm succeeds with the orders of the SDP ○ The surviving communists will never forgive/trust the SDP ■ They will not agree with the SDP later in history which ultimately leads to the Nazis taking power 3/11 Lecture → A Troubled Beginning: The Rise of NSDAP ● Der Stahlhelm overthrows the Weimar Republic (March 1920) ○ Wolfgang Kapp - The “Kapp Push” ■ Members of the radical right and supporters of monarchs, they join and establish that Weimar is not the best form of government for them ● Their government stands for 3 days ○ Fails because all urban areas of Germany go on strike to shut down public transportation and industry ○ Kapp and his supporters are forced to flee the country ■ More peaceful transfer of the power compared to past movements ● There was enough support for the radical right to overthrow the country ● Economic struggles in the Weimar Republic ○ German economy went through a series of disruptions (i.e. 1919,1923) ○ “Deflationary spiral” & “hyperinflation” ■ During the spiral, everything went down, industry, employment, etc. ● The value of money stays the same or rapidly increases ○ More people are saving their money and their not spending ● Weimer prints more money (a lot more money) ○ Leads to the hyperinflation ● November 1923: ○ Before 1 USD was worth 4 German Marks ○ In 1923 1 USD was worth 4.2 trillion German Marks ○ “Money is always useful” ■ Burning money ■ Taking a wheelbarrow full of money to the baker but not having enough funds by the time you reach the bakery to purchase the bread ○ Keynesian Economics ● Reparation Payments ○ France and Belgium are authorized to take the Saarland ■ They take the Saarland in 1923 ● Creating a buffer between the two countries ● Industrial hub of Germany ○ France and Belgium takes a respiration directly from Germany, which makes it impossible to grow GDP ● France and French people essentially take the region ■ Many of the soldiers the French send to the region are from France’s African colonies ● They believe that this is an extreme insult (race) ○ “Franzosen im ruhrgebiet!” ■ The children from these relations will be the first group that the Nazis removed ● (“Rhineland Bastards”) ● Collective Fear in Weimar ○ “Panics have more to do with perceptions than with real life” ■ Assuming that society is on the edge leads to looking for extreme answers ● A “Providential” beginning … (the first sentence of Mein Kampf) ○ b.1889 ■ Father’s real last name: Schicklgruber (changed for Hitler, but he didn’t know himself who his parents were, he can’t trace his German lines) ○ To the “Saddest Period” … (Lives in Vienna, Austria) ■ Establishes his own political views and understanding ■ He didn’t receive his parent’s pension funds until he was 18 ● Essentially homeless ■ Fled to Bavaria in a an attempt to dodge the draft ● Tracked by Austrian military, where he is deemed unfit to serve ● To a “Fateful Intervention” ○ The start of WWI, there when it is declared a state ○ From 1914-1918 he fights for Germany: ■ For all of the wrong reasons, he fought gallantly and for nationalism ● Always on the Western front ■ March 1918, in eastern Belgium attacked from British mustard gas, temporarily went blind and lost his voice ● In this hospital, he learns that Germany loses and assumes that they were betrayed by jewish or communists ■ Back to Munich (1919) ● The Munich Solviet was still in power ○ He is present when it is liberated ● Part of the 100,000 standing German soldiers ○ In 1919, he is assigned to watch radical rightist groups ■ DAP (German Workers Party) ● Something about this group and their ideas inspire him ○ He eventually resigns and joins their party ■ Starts as their propaganda creator ○ Hitler took over the group ■ 2 February 1920, meet in the Hofbrau house (Munich) he founds the NSDAP ● National ( Socialist) German Workers Party 3/13 Lecture →Machtergriegifung, “Backstairs Conspiracy”, or Inevitable Ascension ● “Seizure of Power” ● Nazi 25 Point Plan ○ Limits the Jewish people’s rights as citizens ○ When it was published, the party was only around two hundred people ○ Only truly known in Munich ● Ernest Rohm ○ Leader of the Sturmabterliuid (the brownshirts - nazis) (stormtroopers) ○ Their priority was to keep Hitler and other leaders safe when in public ■ From 1920-1923 the Nazis somewhat grow in size (still not nationally) ● Hitler is first mentioned in the NYT (21 January 1923) ● Mussolini and the Italian Fascists (blackshirts) March on Rome (October 1922) ○ Support in Italy for the party nationally ○ Victor Manuel III is currently the monarch, he essentially hands the power over to Mussolini during this march ■ In the earlier years there is still a difference between the Nazi’s obsession with race ● Members of the Italian communist party are first dealt with ● Hitler is admiring of Mussolini ● “Franzosen im Ruhrgebiet! ” (Autumn 1923) ○ Hitler knows that this is the time to strike and take power ○ November 9 → in Munich, The “Beer Hall Putsch” ■ The Nazis try and consolidate all other right wing parties under leadership ■ Seize control of several buildings, plan to take control of the armory and then march to Berlin (like Mussolini in Rome) ■ Henrich Himmler (future reichsführer - SS) ○ Feldherrnhalle (Odeonsplatz) ■ When the coup is falling apart, Hitler takes those remaining to this location and he is comforted by the Bovarian and German police, some members of the army, conflict takes place (19 NSDAP die, and 4 German Police officers) Hitler is nearly shot and hides in a supporters basement for three days, and is captured ● Party was made illegal ● All of the leadership was in prison or dead ● Hitler on Trial (26 February 1924) ○ In Weimar, a death penalty did exist ■ The majority of the judges who sat on the case were sympathetic to political groups that fall on the right ■ Hitler used the trial as a platform to speak for long periods of time ● Gave him a forum (no longer a small movement) ■ He is found guilty, but instead of the death penalty he is granted 5 years ● Only spends 9 months in “prison” ○ He had his own room, lived with his fellow leaders, could bring in guests, was able to walk in the courtyards ○ Rodulf Hess (Future Deputy Fuhrer) ■ Writes Mein Kampf in “prison” ● After the Putsch: New Political Approaches ○ Released on 20 December 1924 ○ Hitler cannot speak in public until 1927 ○ Work within the Weimar system ■ He knows that Germany is not Italy and he has to come to power in the political system (need to function and attract votes) ○ Gregor Strasser and Joseph Goebbels ■ Strasser → “left-wing side of the NSDAP party” ■ Goebbels → becomes propaganda minister, is assigned to Berlin in 1928 and find a seat in the Reichstag ○ Rhetoric and national appeal will lead to power ○ Embrace mass politics and propaganda ■ First party to do massive radio speeches ■ Hitler used planes to fly and communicate across the nation in a day ■ Only party in Germany to appeal to all ● “Everything for Anyone” ○ Party of work, freedom, and bread ● In the 1928 German Federal Election: ○ SPD → 29.8% ○ DNVP → 14.3% ○ NSDAP → 2.6% ■ The center right takes control of the government ● 12 Reichstag seats for NSDAP ● Young Plan (1929) ○ The US would loan Germany funds to rebuild itself ■ They used the majority of that money to pay reparations ● Then those countries would use that money to pay back the US for all of the loans they gave in WWI ○ Leads to an economic stability ○ Until the Great Depression (1929) ■ US cannot lend the money ● Leads to economic issues in Europe ○ “Vote Hitler” ● Without the great depression, the NSDAP/ Hitler would not have come into power ● 1930 German Federal Elections ○ SPD → 24.5% ○ DNVP → 7.0% ○ NSDAP → 18.3% (2nd largest party) ■ 107 Reichstag seats ● NSDAP will not compromise and they cannot form a government ● The president of Germany (Paul Von Hindenburg) disliked Hitler ■ Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution: ● If the Reichstag cannot agree, it grants the president the authority to appoint a Chancellor temporarily ● In 1930 → appoints Heinrich Bruning (until 1932) ○ Nazis are still able to obstruct business ● April 1932 Election ○ SDP → 21.6% ○ DNVP → 5.9% ○ NSDAP → 37.4% ■ 230 Reichstag seats ● Largest party ■ Hidenburg will not appoint Hitler as Chancellor ● The NSDAP walks out of theReichstag and therefore dissolves ■ Hindenburg than appoints Chancellor Franz Von Papen (June 1932) ● November 1932 Election ○ DSP → 20.4% ○ NSDAP → 33.1% ■ 196 Reichstag seats ■ This is the most of the popular votes NSDAP takes ○ Kurt Von Schiliecher is appointed and lasts one month due to the: ■ “Backstairs Conspiracy?” ● On 30 January 1933 Hidenburg appointed Hitler as chancellor ○ The Nazis are in power now.