Neurobiology

Nervous system pathway affarent t toward CNS t CNS pathways efferent sensory Receptors neural plate neural brain SC target tissue pat ways away from CNS F CNS development PNS to tube CNS It PNS development During Neuro neural CNS development the epithelial cells become can be either neurons PNS crest forebrain stem grows then cells and glial cells A Ependymal tastes or types of Glial cells B move Astrocytes feed fluid neurons t clean up Oligodendrocytes insulates can either go to adjacent C Signals from muscle cells neurons A neurons Types of neurons gland cells Sensory detects or stimuli 1 sensory neurons environment a part in part out of CNS usually next to the spinal cord B Motor relay information from are C CNS to effector Inter facilitate between neurons tissue communication Cell bodies axons dendrites and make up white make up grey matter matter Neurosignaly Chan'Étnarge ShinniIcauses of a cell Ligand opening membrane Cells are negative which relative to their environment of Nat makes channels the cell positively charged t positively charged rest increases cell electrical signaling Depolarization hyperpolarization makes makes a cell Electrical signals can't chemical signals can During stretched a patellar t makes Organization Telencephalon a cell be positive while negative modulated all or nothing more release more or less chemical reflex signal of the brain f more the quadriceps muscle is that is sent to CNS cerebral cortex pros encephalon hippocampus Diencephalon thalamus hypothalamus 2 mesencephalon Metencephadny Rhomb encephala Myelencephalenceprebenumf medulla spinal cord The cerebral lobes frontal is in charge of voluntary actions parietal occipital temporal and cortex olfactory It contains The lateral in the gyri peaks ventricles telencephalon and sulci 1 2 fluid are The hippocampus is c shaped filled spaces hippocampus to lateral valleys and controls memory the gray matter in the telencephalon mesencephalon and diencephalon is the basal ganglia voluntary 00 The t thalamus takes information hypothalamus is ventral emotions appetite and to to the thalamus hormone cortex controls secretion Third The ventricle forms midbrain dorsal and reflexes a donut shape ventral temectum thalamus into the tectum controls nerve and sleep cycle control motor down be broken can around Mesencephalic Aqueduct connects 3rd 4th ventricle 5roundettythemitdbrain The metencephalon cerebellum pans 00 controls The medulla When controls consists of cerebellum and Pon posture and balance healing balance controls myelencephalon looking at the and spinal cord the and breathing breathing B ganglion will indicate the dorsal root ra Dorsal root Ganglion matter Dory Dorsal Root latera ventral y white matter There are 3 meninges of the brain the t ventral Root dura mater 1 and pi a mater middle arachnoid outer the spaces in the arachnoid Potential bleed spaces It blood from of come from above du ra B Subdural below dura Subarachnoid the aorta t below Am go to the brain vessels is collected by the circle these Willis at the bottom of the brain There are 2 arteries dorsal cord mater are filled with CSF A Epidural C 4 blood vessels inner that sensory bring blood to the spinal and ventral motor there is a vein version of each of these The blood brain barrier from toxins CSF functions and homeostatic that protects the neural tissue may be in the as a shock drainage bloodstream absorber clearer waste maintainer The choroid plexus lines all the ventricles and turns blood into CSF flow of CSF It blockage of lateral CSF flow 3rd can 4th ventricles cause hydrocephalus Spinatuscraniatner Epinal innervate caudal to head Cranial innervate head and neck number d is designated by corresponding spinal cord numbered I y segment Spinal nerves their dorsal t airs ventral and sensory connected to the spinal cord by are innervate nerves and roots a strip of skin derm tome specific motor innervate cranial muscles Nerves INamefunction I smelling olfactory sight optic 11 II i eye movement trochlear I jy chewing Ilabducentexemovement facial V11 II glossopharyngeal iii I vagus internal organs XII hypoglossal tongue movement Peripheral nerves are wrapped in 3 layers of connective tissue epineurium perineurium and endoneurium taxons are myelinated by Schwann cells Peripheral t Somatic NS NS t Autonomic controlled function sympathetic rest and NS involuntary I Ns sympathetic NS digest fight Somatic and parasympathetic Ns neuron the are or flight controlled by one while the sympathetic is controlled by 2 neurons The medulla of the adrenal nerves Para gland stimulated is by and the cortex is stimulated by the pituitary medulla The frontal epinephrine and norepinephrine releases lobe controls conscious Steps in sensory perception transmission Excitation or modulation inhibition detection of sensory sensory into a transduction perception caused by ion channels opening or t transduction is when stimulus movement signal neurons is usually closing receptors turn a If there is an injury side of the CNS the effect on one will take place on the other side Somatosensory pathways A dorsal relays information about touch position and vibration B lateral faster relays information dorsal about pain myelinated axons transmit Somatotropic Map Taratargerareawithin First motor order sensory cortex are second order are Corticospinal Tracts more located located A lateral ventral of The ventral t to corresponds cortex 1 medulla is called to the axons through in the primary in the brain control limbs voluntary control proximal limbs and trunk the pyramids running from the motor spinal cord that don't the axons cortex voluntary of distal B sensory receptors somatosensory the neurons temperature faster signals areas with than travel through extrapyramidal tracts the medulla travel