Canadian History Course Guide

Canadian History Course Guide World War One Important People *Most Important to Least Important Kaiser Wilhelm 11 - Emperor of Germany (leader) Franz Ferdinand - Archduke (of Austria) - July crisis, assassinated by black hand while visiting Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia, recently grabbed by Austria) - Arguably the start of ww1 - If the black hand (Serbians) never killed Ferdinand, Austria supported by Germany would not have sent then an ultimatum (list of demands), Russia (supporting Serbia) would never mobilize their troops to support Serbia, France and Britain would have never joined and ww1 would have never started (spark to light a line of bombs) General Douglas Haig - Commanded The Battle of Somme - Led battle at Passchendaele Sam Hughes - Appointed minister of militia and defence - Energetic, determined organizer - Very stubborn - Had a narrow-minded attitude towards black, native and French-Canadian soldiers - Gave military supply contracts to friends which led to faulty equipment Robert Borden (Prime Minister Canada) - When Canada was caught unprepared for war, acted quickly - Appointed Sam Hughes to the minister of militia and defence - Imperialist - Determined to have Canadians fight alongside British - Thought this was the only way to have Canada equal among great powers - When there were fewer volunteers, put mandatory enlistment in place - Re-elected in the second voting Arthur Currie - In demand of Vimy Ridge Battle - Senior officer - In the last 100 days of the war, led several battles forcing Germany to retreat - Canadian hero - Could protest against unsound assignments by the British general headquarters - Withdrew ross rifle (no good weapon) The Big 3 Woodrow Wilson (USA) - He wanted a more generous peace settlement. He used the “14 Points” as a basis for settlement. - These included such ideas as “national determination for all peoples”, freedom of the seas - Open peace treaties rather than secret agreements. One of his big proposals was for a League of Nations to guarantee world peace. George Clemenceau (France) - was determined that Germany must be punished for the invasion of France in 1870 and 1914. - He demanded a harsh peace treaty. Lloyd Geroge (Britain) - Wanted the same aggressiveness towards Germany as France, but was willing to be a little less Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (Italy) - Got mad his needs weren’t met at the meeting, stormed off Billy Bishop (Candian Flying Ace) , Red Baron (Germany, Ace of Aces) Definitions Militarism - The build-up of armed forces to protect the nation, led to an escalation of unprecedented weapons - Created a sense of fear and suspension - Competition between the nations to expand the army Alliances - By 1914, great powers were linked by alliance - Made it likely war would start and spread Fascists - No religion-based government or laws - Dictatorial power - Blaming, oppressing Imperialist - Extending power and dominance - All great powers competing for territories and regions Communism - Classless society - Major means of production are owned by public - Less government control Nationalism - nation wanted to assert their power - proudness of own nation, do whatever for their nation, at the cost of and not thinking about the damage of other nations Timeline 1. 28 June 1914, Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia, recently annexed by Australia) 2. Bomb attack by black hand (Serbians) fails in the morning, him and his wife are shot in the afternoon 3. Austrians blame Serbia for supporting terrorist 4. Austrians, supported by Germany, send Serbia an ultimatum (list of demands), Serbia accepts all except 2, Russia mobilizes troops to support Serbia, Germany tells them to back down, they say no. Germany declares war on Russia. 5. Britain has entents (agreements) with France and Russia, Britain didn’t want to get involved so it could keep its colonies, entents were only friendly agreements, France and Russia had the impression of fight, Britain had to join because of Belgium 6. 1838, Britain signed a treaty to protect Belgium, Britain sends an ultimatum to Germany after the Schlieffen Plan (avoid France defences and invaded Belgium) they said no, war declared 7. When Britain declared war on Germany, Canada was automatically at war too 8. Battle of Somme, Battle of Ypres 9. America entered the war, at first America was isolationist.“why should I get involved in someone else's problem?” May 1915: Germany told Americans to stay off British ships because they can sink them. Germany torpedoes Lusitania (128 Americans, carrying 42000 ammunition too) the US criticized Germany, Germany promised no sinking ships without warning in the future, 1917: unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany, America intercepts Zimmerman note - note says Germany promises to give New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona back to Mexico as alliance after attacking America, 10. Note and sinking of 4 armed ships leads to America entering the war 11. Russia leaves war after its communist revolution in 1917, Russia's withdrawal allows Germany to fight one front with all its troop concentrated on France 12. 1916-1917, disastrous for Allies, U-boats in the Atlantic, Russia leaves war, volunteers less and less leads to mandatory volunteering in Canada by Robert Borden and more propaganda posters 13. Halifax explosion: Dec 6, 1917, biggest human-made explosion the world has ever seen, Halifax was a military town, 50000 people population largest Atlantic harbour, At 9:04, Mont Blanc explodes. Pieces of ships fly high and land away (some big some small) More than 1500 killed, 9 thousand injured, falling buildings, flying glass. Blast provoked a tsunami that washed up 18 meters, then a snowstorm hit the same night. Money pouring in from Britain, China, New Zealand, America. Last Hundred Days of the War 1. August to November 1918: troops led by Arthur Currie, fought several battles, Canadians suffered 46000 casualties but defeated German army 2. By 1918: the tide turned in allies favour, anti-submarine campaign successful, British blockade to Germany effective, August 8, 1918: Canadian forces smash German lines, drive ahead 13 km and for 6 weeks lead the attack 3. Canada's Hundred Days: Canada seized a lot of prisoners, artillery and machine guns, total of 619,636 Canadians served, 66,655 died 4. Germany's Black Day -1918: August 8th, British, Australian, Canadian attack, 600 tanks, German lines crushed, Battle of Amiens - Germany gives away Amiens, allies advance 11 kilometres by dusk, thousands of German men surrender,, 6 divisions give up. Germany gives up hope in winning 5. Allies successful to force Germany army total retreat, German citizens begin to riot because of a shortage of food and supplies, clear that the war has been lost 6. Armistice: Nov 7, 1918, after 4 years of battle, Prince Max leader at the time, sends a delegation of an armistice, asked allies to suspend fighting, the French general refuses 7. Nov 9, Britain, France, US met with the German delegation. At 1 am on November 11th prince max replies that the German government agrees, fighting ceased at 11 am that day (11/11) 8. Wounded soldiers returned, received pensions and benefits, Aboriginals left out 9. Paris Peace conference: Victorious allies meet to discuss settlement of WW2, Canada participates, becomes a member of the League of Nations 10. Treaty of Versailles: the result of the Paris conference, a formal end to war, demand Germany too: accept blame, reduce army and navy, give back land, pay 30 billion dollars 11. The treaty is extremely harsh on Germany, Germany signs under protest, drafter of the treaty hopes it is the war to end all war 12. Germany burdened until Hitler takes power 5 Great Canadian Battles The Second Battle of Ypres - Attempt to regain control of a strategic town in Western Belgium - The first use of poison gas on a large scale - The first time a former colonial force (Canadians) defeated a major European power (Germany) on European soil The Somme - 1 million + casualties - 1 July 1916: British army suffers the worst day in history with nearly 60,000 casualties - The first use of tank - Commended by Douglas Haig - Entente advanced 6 miles into German-occupied territory - Canada : 240,049 casualties - Total British Empire : 420,000 Vimy Ridge - 4 divisions of Canadian expeditionary forces vs 3 divisions of Germany Sixth Army - The objective was to take German held high ground - History: French failed to take Vimy ridge 3 times, Britain suffered heavy losses as they prepared - Led to the Birth of Nation - Showed Britain that Canada is responsible, earned respect - Britain and Canada have a Father-Son relationship - Earned separate signature in the treaty Passchendaele - Lead by Douglas Haig - Entente allies fought to gain control - Located near Ypres, Belgium - Unusually wet weather, a sea of mud - Entente captured it in 5 months - Entente losses: 244,897 - Estimated German Losses: 400,000 - Hitler fought in this battle, was injured Battle of Amiens - One of the most important victories of the war - Black day for Germany - The greatest achievement of the Canadian army - Beginning of last hundred days of the war - Secrecy and counterintelligence used Homefront - Canadian government responsible for manufacturing and shipping millions of dollars in war supplies (Munitions, Shells, Aircraft, Clothes, Food) - Men fighting in Europe, women on their own raising children, supporting family - Less spending on goods and services, Solution = war loans, victory bonds, war income tax - Before women remained home, cooking cleaning, no right to vote jobs paid less - War = millions of women left home, fill men roles - Men overseas = women working in factories for war supplies, some enlisted in the army as nurses Conscription Crisis - 1916-1917, volunteers less and less, Borden says mandatory enlistment - Military service act passed - Easter weekend: riots in Quebec: 4 men killed - Borden was re-elected, however, the conscription crisis divided the nation led to French English tensions - French Canadians believed their interests were ignored by the Canadian government WW1 Tech Artillery - Line of sight, howitzers, mortars - Big Berthas (biggest during WW1) - 2000 pounds, only transported b pieces by rails - Shells (gas, flare,explosive) Tanks - Creation was a direct response to stalemate in trench warfare - Mark series Chemical Weapons - Tear gas - Chlorine - Mustard gas Submarines - U-boats - Stealth Aircrafts - Zeppelin, observation balloon - Airplanes - Aces - Red Baron Machine Guns - American invention - Maxim - 1000 yard range - Mainly used in the war Trench Warfare Living in The Trenches - Trenches provided efficient ways for soldiers to protect themselves against heavy fire power - General service shovels were used to construct them - Support trenches, communications, front line - Trenches were established in a variety of different landscapes, across different fronts - Night time was busiest (most attacks happened then), during the day soldiers slept and wrote letters - Cigarettes were an essential to soldiers - Food: Hard biscuits, cold tinned food (spam) - Womens army was formed to carry out essential non-combat tasks - Men from China were recruited in Britain to perform support work and manual labour - Steel helmets to protect soldiers Fighting in The Trenches - Trenches protected soldiers, but also led to states of deadlock (no progress being made both sides) - Trench raids: soldiers would aim to kill enemies, gather information and take prisoners and weapons - Increasingly large artillery was developed to fire high explosive shells and smash enemy trenches - Psychological trauma from shell shock was recognized - Tunneling was used to dig under enemy trenches and lay bombs/explosives - Tunneller threats: poison gas, hand to hand combat, being buried alive - Machine guns, body armour - Christmas truce (one day peace) Propaganda Posters - Propaganda: deliberate manipulation of public opinion - From 1914-18 both sides used propaganda posters as means of justifying involvement to their populace - Posters, radios, broadcasts, leaflets - Demonize enemies, sell victory bonds - Commercial advertising, missionary work, lobbying - Intimidation, ‘apologist’, a ‘weakling’, a ‘mother’s pet, name-calling, coward Causes of War - It is arguable that the system of alliances caused world war one - If Austria attacks Serbia, Russia will fall upon Austria, Germany upon Russia, and France and England upon Germany - WW1 was all about the place of Germany in Europe - France and Germany already hated each other, went to war 1870-71 - France also lost Alsace-Lorraine in 1870-71, never forgave Germany, wanted revenge - Germany's Problem: in the middle, vulnerable - Made alliances with surrounding nations, Russia, Australia Hungary, Italy to be safe - Kaiser becomes emperor and ditches the Russian alliance - France and Russia alliance in 1892, Germany trapped - 1902- Anglo-Japanese alliance, Britain didn’t have to worry about protecting its empires in the far east - Britain made a friendly relation with France in 1904 - 1907 - Russia joins, Triple Entente - By 1914, Europe is divided into two major blocks of power - Russia also allied into the Balkans: Serbia, Romania, etc. - When there was trouble in the Balkans, their allies were dragged into it The actual root causes of the war are much more deeper than the chain of events that led to the outbreak of the war. The main cause of WW1 was the growing nationalism, imperialism, militarism and alliance system of the 1900s. Immediate cause: the death of an Austrian archduke. The 1920s Significant Individuals Arthur Meighan - Originally drafter conscription bill - Helped crush Winnipeg general strike - Leader of the Conservative Party - Was briefly PM until King beat him in 1921 - King and Meighan disliked each other Lord Julian Byng - Former Britain commander at Vimy Ridge, Governor General of Canada Mackenzie King - Prime Minister of Canada and Leader of the liberal party. - Has an alliance with the minority government - Wilfrid Laurier successor - Wanted to have another election to win a majority government The Famous Five - From Alberta - Advocated for women and children The Winnipeg Strike - Workers and veterans wanted a better life - Union organizers believed one big union would be a good way to push better wages and working conditions - May 1919- workers at 3 big metal factories in Winnipeg went on strike for wages - few days later, 30,000 Winnipeg workers walked out and sympathy strikes took place across Canada - Business owners formed the committee of one thousand in opposition, the mayor of Winnipeg banned all parades, urged the federal government to arrest strike organizers - June 21st, “Bloody Saturday” strike takes a violent turn, streetcars on fire, RCMP kills two, bottles were thrown Women in Canada 1920 - 1918: all women can vote in the federal election, still not strong, political parties were male-dominated, women push for child welfare - Mothers allowance: given to women in desperate need, closely monitored, did not pull out of poverty - 1921: Canada’s first female member of parliament, women are not considered persons under the law, - Famous Five: famous women's right activists Immigrants and Aboriginals - Restrictions on immigrants, British, American immigrants welcomed - Southeastern European only welcomed is they had employment, servants or worked in farms - Restrictions relaxed: 1925, when immigrants came they ended up in slums, worked awful conditions, low wages - Indian Act: government responsible for helping them however the government did little - Instead, they tried to assimilate them through residential schools - 1923: 32347 sq ft of Aboriginal Land for 5000000 (25 each) (Williams Treaty) - Aboriginals come together (League of Indian Canadians) Culture - Jazz: originated from African Americans, new Orleans, spread because of violence and racism in New Orleans, Jazz musicians fled to Chicago, New York, Kansas - The Charleston: social dance, came from southern Africa, popular - Fashion Men: wanted to appear dapper, baggy pants, polished shoes and handkerchief in pocket, baggy zoot suit (fancy) - Flapper: rebelling from societal norms, short sleek hair, short shapeless dresses, lots of makeup, nightclub look, expensive - Prohibition: 18th amendment outlawed the transporting, selling, manufacturing of alcohol, was widely ignored, led to crime: Al Capone - Night club speakeasies: intense experience, adult entertainment, alcohol, dark side, spoke into the door, only the rich could afford - Motion Pictures: New pastime, movies, silent movies, called talkies when the sound was added, Charlie Chaplin - Baseball: new American past time, Babe Ruth, entertainment for working class - Slang words: Lots of slang words still used today Roaring Economy of Canada - Roaring twenties, boom time in Canada: low unemployment, earnings for individuals and companies high - Greater disposable income = consumer society - Social change: change of terrible working conditions - By 1923 - 24, economic slump that followed WWI was over world economics improved and countries started buying Canadian goods - Demand for wheat, iron ore, nickel, zinc, pulp and paper industry expands, Canada exported most of these products in the world in 1926 - Automobiles production how to 4th largest in Canada - Production of new household items: radios, record players, - Tariff: Tax on foreign goods being imported, the Federal government introduced tariffs to protect Canada’s manufacturing and industrial base (ex. America made farm machines more expensive than Canada made) - Many people moved into cities to work in factories - Wages were rising, people could buy from installment plan, beginning of debt society, more income: more disposable income - Mass media introduced, mass media = mass advertising - Spend more money on non-essential things, advertisers made luxury items seem necessary, automated, electrical machines = more free time for people, now the average Canadian could drive an automobile, radio, Eatons catalogue Canada’s Independence - In the next election, conservatives (under Meighan) win more seats than Liberal - King believes that he could still be PM since the majority of government-supported him (progressive party) co-alition government - 1926: bootleg liquor and kickbacks in liquor commission threaten to topple the government - King decides to call election, reasoning: now needed a stronger mandate to govern since the credibility of the government was shaken - When a prime minister calls an election, he must ask the governor-general as a formality, it is expected that he says yes - When Byng was asked, he said NO - Said no because he said Canada already had an election 8 months ago. King thought it was ridiculous for a governor-general to disobey the prime minister. Byng decided to have Arthur Meighan become PM since he won more seats. - Meighnas government only lasted 3 days - After the election King was the new majority government - Impact: Meighan and Byng humiliated. Independence maintained. - 1922: Britain asks Canada to get involved in the Turkey-Greece territory dispute. King asks the House of Commons, HOC on summer recess, therefore Canada rejects - The Halibut Treaty: First time Canada signs a treaty without Britain, to protect pacific fishing, Britain asks if Canada would like assistance in the treaty, King says no - The Balfour Declaration: Canada officially recognized: equal status, free from Britain commonwealth - The statue of Westminster: Dec 1931- signed a trade and military alliance of independence under the British Crown, Canada's Official independence from Britain, symbolic The 1930s Stock Market Crash and The Great Depression - Wages up by 40% after WW1, stock market soaring, many investing, trend (fad) to get into the market - America emerged as a world economic, industrial, military power - 200 businesses control 50% of the economy = too much industry overproduction = too many products not enough customers, 80% of population has no savings - Banks are uninsured, no government agencies monitor banks or stock market value based on borrowed money, increase in personal debt = borrowed money - Farmers paid by government to work = unable to repay = 6,000 banks close - Black Thursday: Stocks fall drastically, brokers panic, GE falls from 400$ to $238, brokers make margin calls, no one can pay up - Black Tuesday: October 29th 1921: Stocks go down again, people sell what's left for money, by end of October, 30 billion dollars lost - Many lost life savings, banks and brokers call loans, Causes of The Great Depression - Canada was plunged into the great depression - Many people say that the depression was caused by the stock market - The more money people invested into stocks, higher the value climbed, people feared stock value was over valued - Tuesday October 29th, stockholders decided stocks were over inflated, they began to sell - Thousands of investors wiped out, couldn’t sell shares for amount they paid, borrowers could not repay, companies who borrowed could not repay = companies closed = jobs lost - Black Tuesday started downward cycle of debt = Global Depression 6 Background Causes To The Great Depression Of Canada 1. Over Production and Over Expansion - Industries expanded, profits spent building more factories, couldn't buy all goods produced, factories slowed production = job lost 2. Dependence On A Few Products - When world demanded products = prosper, no demand = economic trouble 3. Dependence On The US - 65% of imports to US, 40% exports US, therefore Canada suffered because of US 4. High Tariffs Choked Off International Trade - Europe could not afford to buy US products, high import taxes, international trade slowed 5. Too Much Credit Buying - Buy now pay later, by the time paid off = junk, if you missed a pay the seller would reposses 6. Too Much Credit Buying Off Stocks - Buying margin Effects of Great Depression on Canada - Millions of Candians were left unemployed, hungry and even homeless. - In Saskatchewan, 200,000 people were forced to leave their farms. This affected Canada heavily since a third of Canada’s Gross National Income came from mainly farm and raw material exports. There was also a crippling drought in the prairies and a plague of grasshoppers, which led to even more economic loss in agriculture. - Overall in Canada, family income fell by 50%, imports fell by 55% and exports by 25%. - The unemployment rate fell from 4% to 27% and 1 of 4 Canadians were out of work. - The depression also affected population demographics. The number of immigrants accepted into Canada dropped and people were not having babies simply because they couldn't afford to do so. - The government was clearly not prepared for the depression and at first, they didn't even know how to handle it. RB Bennet - leader of the conservative party, PM of Canada, believed in capitalism. - He put 20$ million into emergency relief and raised tariffs up by 50%. This decision made the depression worse, people couldn’t even afford gas in their cars. - Workers rode rails to find work in other cities. A thousand relief camp workers road rails to Ottawa to protest. In 1935, people had enough of Bennet, and King was elected back as prime minister of Canada once again. Other Political Parties Offer Their Solutions - Bill Aberhart of the social credit party, believed that the depression was caused by people not having enough money. His idea was give every citizen $25 / month “prosperity certificate” so people buy more products and help the economy - JS Woodwsworth of the Commonwealth Federation (CCF) now known as NDP, proposed the ideas of unemployment insurance, free medical care, family allowance and old age pensions - Many of his ideas have been adopted in Canada today - Maurice Dupless blamed the existence of the depression to the fact that many Quebec industries were owned by Americans and English Candians - Formed the Union Nationale so people of Quebec would have more control over their economy Life in Canada During 1930s Art - The group of seven: famous group of artists who painted Canadian landscapes (Algonquin Park, Gergion Bay) wanted to give art distinctly Canadain appeal - Thom Thompson: most popular Canadain artist, not member of group of seven, bold new style, died in Algonquin Park - Emily Carr: influenced by group of seven, drew wilderness and about the life of aboriginals Radio - XWA, Montreal, = world's first commercial radio - Ted Rogers (Canadian) introduced first ‘batteryless’ radio, 1929: 297,000 radios in Canada, mainly listen to American broadcast, Hockey Night in Canada - CBC - 1932, Canadian content = sense of unity - National film board of Canada : 1939 - Radio made jazz popular Telephones and Automobiles - 1929 : ¾ families owned telephones, 1930 : 1 million automobiles registered in Canada, more roads, less distance between people Tech on Farms - Trucks, combines, shortened harvest periods and replaced work Air Travel and Transport - Trans - Canada Air Lines: 1939, planes made in America, first flight 1939 Motion Pictures - Canadians could not compare to American producers, Canadians loved Hollywood Professional Sports - Football, lacrosse, track and field. NHL - 1927, 10 teams in biggest cities of North America Rise of The Dictators - Diplomats at Versailles believed every national group should get its own country. Turkish and Austrain Empires become independent. Minorities still in each nation - After war: democratic forms of government - Depression of 30’s led to new fascist leaders elected - Benito Mussoloni (Italy): Fascist, anti-communist, socialism. Introduced economic system, Italy becomes self - sufficient - Joseph Stalin (Russia, Soviet Union): 5 year plan, expand industries. Purges, thousands killed, sacrifice for country - Japan army takes over and kills the elected government - Fransisco Frank (Spain): stamp out communism, supported by Flanange (Spanish Fascists), Mussolini and Hitler sent help, Stallin supported government's side - Spanish Civil War: Government created Brigades to fight, Canada 12000 volunteers, tried best not to get involved, war lasted 3 years, 1939 Francisco becomes dictator of spain, rules until 1975 WW2 Significant Individuals Adolf Hitler: Leader of Germany Joseph Stalin (Russia, Soviet Union): Leader, 5-year plan, expand industries. Purges, thousands killed, sacrifice for the country Benito Mussolini (Italy): Leader, Fascist, anti-communist, socialism. He introduced an economic system, Italy becomes self - sufficient Winston Churchill: Prime Minister of Britain, after chamberlain Frank Roosevelt: American President Harry Truman: American President, after Roosevelt's death Hideki Tojo: Leader of Japan Fransisco Frank (Spain): Leader, stamp out communism, supported by Flange (Spanish Fascists), Mussolini and Hitler sent help, Stalin supported the government's side Neville Chamberlain: Prime Minister of Britain Definitions Fascists: Fascism is a system of government led by a dictator who typically rules by forcefully and often violently suppressing opposition and criticism, controlling all industry and commerce, and promoting nationalism and often racism. Communism: a system in which goods are owned in common and are available to all as needed. Radar: revolutionary new technology of radio-based detection and tracking, sophisticated defense system against enemy bombing Ultra: an intelligence gained from Enigma Enigma: Nazi Germanys secret war time communications code Dam Busters: Operation Chastise, break german dams with bouncing bombs Blitzkrieg: fast, strong attacks using air raids, artillery and tanks German Gestapo: secret state police SS (Schutzstaffel): Defence corps ‘ blackshirts’ an elite guard unit formed out of the SA Lebensraum (living space): The concept that emphasized the need for territorial expansion of Germany into East Wehrmacht: German army HJ (Hitler Jugend): Hitler youth Einsatzgruppen: Nazi Death Squad, Mobile killing units SA (Sturmabteilung): Stormtroopers “brown-shirts” early private Nazi army that protected leaders and opposed rival political parties Luftwaffe: German Air Force / Aircrafts WW2 - Causes - High unemployment, desperation and feelings of betrayal led to the rise of totalitarian dictators. Fascist dictators Mussolini and Hitler threatened to conquer new territories for Italy and Germany - Extreme nationalism and a need for raw materials led to a desire to expand Japan under Hideki Tojo - Britain and France were the leaders of the League of Nations, both wanted to avoid war, America was focused on depression - Japan, Italy and Germany aggressively started expanding into places like Africa, Asia and Europe - 1936: Japan, Italy, Germany : Axis Coalition - 1931: Japan invades Munchuria, China. 1937: Tries to conquer North China - 1935: Mussolini invades and conquers Ethiopia - Failure of League of Nations to stop Italy and Japan encourages Hitler - 1935: Hitler defies the Treaty of Versailles and expands army, League of Nations does nothing, to keep peace - 1938: Hitler annexes Austria, then he demands that the west border of Slovakia be given to Germany - Germany was allowed to keep, as long as he stopped expanding (Munich Conference, England and France meet with Hitler and Mussolini) - Britain and France gave into Hitler's demands, to avoid war - Six months after Munich Conference, Hitler breaks promise and annexed all of Slovakia - 1939: Hitler demands Western Poland return to Germany - Hitler did not want war with Russia, made a pact to never attack each other (GermanSoviet Non Aggression Pact) - Also made a secret agreement to divide Poland between Germany and Soviet Union - September 1 1939: Hitler orders German military to attack Poland - Britain and France are Poland's allies - Sept 3 1939: Britain and France declare war on Germany and World War 2 begins Major Events of World War 2 From 1939 - 42 - War took place in Europe and the Pacific, - When World War 2 began, Germany used a “lighting war” strategy that relied on fast, strong attacks using air raids, artillery and tanks - By 1940, Germany conquered Poland, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium and France - When France fell to the nazis, Britain was the only nation at war with Germany - In 1940, Germany began a massive bombing campaign using its air force in a battle called the Battle of Britain - The British air forces fought German planes aided by radar and the ability to crack German Codes - PM Winston Churchill vowed that Britain would “never surrender” - After 8 months, Hitler called off attacks and focused on Eastern Europe - America vowed to stay neutral when WW2 began, after fall of france and attack on Britain, US started selling war supplies to the allied side - 1940 - German, Italian troops moved to take North America - 1941- Hitler invades Russia and breaks pact - 1942 - Axis controlled most of Europe - Meanwhile, Japanese expands through Pacific, 1939-1941 Japan conquered European colonies in Asia, threatened to take US Pacific colonies (Philippines and Guam). Therefore, in 1941, US cuts of iron and oil to Japan - In response, Japan Attacks Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, navy is crippled , 2300 Americans killed, USA declares war on Axis powers, enters WW2 - After Pearl Harbour, Japan took Philippines and threatened to take India and Australia - 1942 - Japan has a large empire in the pacific - From 1939-1942 the axis powers dominated Europe, North Africa and Asia Blitzkrieg - Used Luftwaffe (German Air Force/Aircrafts) to attack: Communications (Radio), Transportation (Bridges and Railroads), Military Targets (Bases and Supplies), - Stuka “dive bombers” highly effective - Use of “Panzer” tanks: Faster light armoured tanks, Destroy targets left behind by Luftwarre - Troops used to finish off any remaining enemies - Blitz was a “revolutionary” warfare that the world had not experienced yet - Allies unprepared for this new tactics - The “Maginot” Line in France was nothing compared to blitz tanks - Nightly attacks to destroy Britain's resist, thousands killed yet Britain refused to give up Battle of Britain - Britain alone in war from 1930-1941: “We shall not surrender” - Winston Churchill German Tactics - Hitler planned to invade Britain but needed to control the English Channel and the airspace over Britain - Before the Germans could invade, they had to destroy British air power, summer 1940, Hitler prepared for “operation sealion” British Advantages - Planes: Hurricane, Spitfire (1836 planes made in 4 months), fight over own territory so when plane shot down, pilot could just get into and fly another - Ultra: cracked German codes, gave early warning of German bombers - Radar: sophisticated defense system against enemy bombing. Weather (rain, fog) made visibility poor for German Bombers Coventry - Important engineering and manufacturing city before WW2, important role in supplying British military - Hitler wanted to create “firestorm” their so the Britain government will be shocked and seek peace, plan almost success - Churchill vows revenge, later Hamburg and Dresden, two German cities are firebombed The Russian Front Operation Barbarossa - Hitler hated communism - Russia provided good living space fo German people - Eastern Russia, valuable wheat, oil especially Ukraine - 3 million German soldiers assemble for battle - Stalin not prepared for invasion, weakened Soviet leadership because of purges in the 1930s - Stuke dive bombers scored large victories against Russian planes on the ground - Rusian armies short on weapons, tanks and transport Battle of Stalingrad - Hitler attacked 3: Ukraine, Leningrad and Moscow - Winter approaching, Germany has to secure Stalingrad Scorched Earth Policy - Stalin instructed Russian people to burn oil, homes, poison the water and kill live stock when retreated - Russian winter and overextended line, hungerd Germany - Battle lasted 20 days, street to street, house to house battle, Hitler refused to withdraw, 2000,000 German soldiers killed Significance - First defeat of German armed forces in WW2 - Psychological blow to the Germans - Lifted Soviet and Britain morale, Stalin considered hero nicknamed “Uncle Joe” - Blitz could be defeated Canada's Role Canadian Battles - 1939: Canada is an independent nation - Canadian Prime Minister, Mackenzie King planned to send 40,000 troops, serve more as a supplier to avoid casualties - German advance 1940- Poland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium. Then Hitler invades and takes France - June 13, 1940, Canada sends battalion into southwestern, landed in Brest, advanced 350 km inland to Laval, met retreating troops, learned about Germany's tech strength and retreated leaving behind much of their new transport - The Battle of Britian - Canadian pilots from the RCAF helped Britain shoot down nazi planes: in “Operation Sea Lion” - Soon Germany halted operation, - Hong Kong 1941 - Japan began capturing European colonies in Asia - Small, untrained contingent of Canadians tried to protect Hong Kong, unequipped, surrendered, took to Japanese prison camps, slave labour, 300 dead, 500 wounded - Dieppe 1942 - to gather information about German defenses along French coast line, Candian and Britain troops planned “punch attack” at Dieppe - Operation Jubilee, large invasion - 1942, August 19th, 5000 Candians landed on the beaches - Action was a disaster, 900 killed, 1000 wounded, 1900 captured, 2200 returned to Britain - Some vital information was gained - Britain and Russia needed supplies. Transport was by ship across the Atlantic Ocean. At the start of WW2, German submarines were sinking 20 ships per week - By the end of the war, the RCN (royal canadian navy) was the 3rd largest navy in the world and the royal canadian air force was the 4th largest - RCN corvettes escorted ships in convoys - In 1942, German submarines entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, sinking 19 supply ships - Dam Busters - Italian Campaign 1943 - 10 Jul - Canadian forces with support by Britain and American troops attacked Sicily, Operation Husky. - Itlains hanged fascist dictator Mussolini, Hitler sent German troops to defend southern Italy - 3rd September 1943, Italy invaded, Canadians fought in Ortana - June 1944 - Rome was captured - Normandy Invasion (D-Day) - 1944 - Canada's largest military operation. Landed at Juno Beach. By the end of the day, Canadians met their objective, were the only allied force to do so - Liberation of Europe, fighting continued 11 months after D-Day, Candiand lost 1000 men each month - Canadians units had to clear the channel ports. Entered Dieppe as returning Heros - In Holland, retreating Germans flooded lowlands, had no food - May 5th 1944: Germans surrendered - May 7th, Nazi Germany ceased to exit, Victory in Europe Day (VE Day) had arrived Canada's Role in WW2 - Sept 1, 1939 the second world war began and Germany and Russia invaded Poland, trapped, Poland surrenders - Britain and France honouring their pledge declare war - Canada was not automatically committed to join war because of the Westminster Act, it had a choice to join, held a parliament session and then officially declared war - When Canada joined, it only had 10,000 soldiers. During the depression, the government reduced military spending, although unprepared, Canada acted quickly, PM King wanted to avoid costing lives and avoid another conscription crisis - “We come here to do a job and then go home” attitude - After invading many colonies (Norway, Denmark, etc.) Germany looked to France, British troops raced to defend France, Canadians stayed back to defend Britain - In May 1940, British troops had to evacuate from Dunkirk, France. - 300,000 men rescued by boats of all sizes, was a miracle evacuation however it was still a defeat - June 10th 1940, Italians enter for Hitler, all of Europe under Axis power, except Britain and the commonwealth allies - Because of this, Canada quickly moved to center stage, Britain had to rely on Canada for more troops and supplies. Candain convoys were a vital lifeline to the survival of Britain Canada's War at Home - By 1942, Canada was committed to total war, the war launched Canada's economy out of depression and into an economic boom - C.D. Howe minister of munitions and supplies, quickly organized Canada's war economy and Canada’s industrial power - So many men enlisting in war = labour shortage - Solution: recruit women to work, at first only single, then all, 225,000 women working - 1941, women were now allowed to enlist in warfare, no combat - Over 43,000 served overseas - Prime Minister King determined to avoid greed and inflation - Government set up wartime prices and trade board (WPTB) to control prices and supervise distribution of foods and goods, certain staple goods were rationed to meet needs - Women collected to recycle, worked farms, sewed clothes - Raise of taxes and Victory Loan Drive raised approximately 12 billion canadian dollars - Social Support: 1940 - Unemployment Insurance, 1944 - Family Allowance, 1945 - Baby Bonus - Camp X: Oshawa, training camp, trained agents in secret warfare and Hydra (Canadain, Britain and American communications) Opened a few days after Pearl Harbour attack, was look out for spies, intercepted messages, shortened the war, spies used fake passports, disguises (led to the creation of the CIA) Conscription Crisis of WW2 - By 1943, volunteer rates had dramatically declined, as a result, the government wanted to introduce conscription again - Kings famous line “conscription if necessary, but not necessarily conscription” - His idea: hold plebiscite (electorates vote on issue) - Positive result would give him mandate to proceed, but not forced to proceed - Result: 73% of Quebec says No, 80% of Canada says Yes - King knows that result would be damaging, delayed enacting conscription until 1944 - Since men had to be trained before, most of them never fought - Of 13,000 sent overseas, 2500 reached battle field, 69 died - King would go on to win majority government, with most of his support from Quebec Japanese Canadians - February 24, 1933, Japan withdraws from League of Nation, with Japan becoming increasingly aggressive, anti-Japanese increasing - Sept 27 1940, Japan signs Tripartite pact (Germany, Italy) - US, Britain and Netherlands freezed Japanese financial assets (oil) - After WW2 breakout, population of British Columbia, Canada, included 21,000 Japanese-Canadians, 75% had residence rights, belief that it was hard for Japanese to assimilate in Canada - Dec 7 1941, Pearl Harbour attack, 25 Dec 1941 Hong Kong surrenders, Japanese hold Canadians Prisoner - Japanese submarines were known to have been operation off the coast of British Columbia, 1200 fishing boats were seized by fear of spying, led to resentment = panic and anger - War measures act allowed for enemy allies to be imprisoned, 23000 Japanese-Canadians moved, they were removed from the coast, had to turn over property and belonging, put into camps, hut of two families with not electricity or water until 1943, had a curfew, slept on straw covered beds, very poor conditions that Japan had to send food packages through red cross - In 1945 (end of war), the government extended order to force Japanese Canadians to go back to Japan and lose Canadian citizenship, or move to eastern Canada. It was illegal for them to be in BC until 1949 - 43 years later, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney apologizes, gave $21,000 for each individual directly wronged Atomic Bomb - On August 6 1945, America dropped the world's first atomic bomb on Hiroshima (military base) 3 days later another bomb on Nagasaki, the planned landing point for US invasion on Japan. 10 August, day after bombing, Japan surrenders - Capture of Iwo Jima (military base) and total destruction of the Japanese air force meant that America could bomb every major Japanese city. May 1945, US fire bombs Tokyo, to break Japanese morale - Enolay gay aircraft dropped bombs, flown by Paul Tippets - Why did US drop the bomb? to test new nuclear weapon, to revenge pearl harbour, frighten the Russians, end war quickly - US government estimated that Japan and US would each loose 250,000 soldiers if America invaded Japan - Roosevelt dies April 1945, Harry Truman becomes president, Truman doesn’t trust Stalin, Stalin wanted to create a buffer between Russia and Western Europe to avoid invasions, put communist into power in eastern European countries he controlled - Oct 1944, Japan cut off from 80% of oil supplies and wanted to surrender (this was before the bomb was dropped) Commonly asked the question: Should America have dropped the bomb? - Bomb cost $200 M. Holocaust - Anti-semitism: Hatred of Jews - Aryan Race: the perfect race for Hitler, full german blood, blonde hair and blue eyes - After WW1, hundreds of jews were blamed for defeat - Hatred grew during depression, Germans were poor and unemployed and blamed Jews because they were rich and successful - Hitler hated jews, jews were 1% of population and rich, Germans were jealous - When Nazis came to power, they persecuted the Jewish Population - April 1933: Boycott Jewish Businesses - May 1935: Jews banned from German Army - Sept 1935: Jews are no longer citizens of Germany, no Jew-Aryan marriages are allowed - April 1938: Jews businesses and homes taken - October 1938: J stamped on passport for Jew identification, are not allowed to leave the country - November 1938: Jew students can only attend Jew schools - March 1939: 30 000 Jews arrested and sent to concentration camps - Between 1939 - 1945, 6 million Jews were murdered, along with gypsies, jehovah's witnesses, disabled, homosexuals and mentally ill individuals - After 1 million deaths, Nazis ordered to dig and burn bodies - Before using poison gas, Jews were gassed in mobile gas vans with carbon monoxide - Christian Europe blamed Jews for the killing of Christ (hatred of jews for years) The Cold War The Cold War - America and Russia came out of WW2 as superpowers, - Their large populations, massive wealth in land and resources and great military made them powerful - Although the US and Russia both fought against Hitler, it was clear they wouldn't stay friends due to their different government systems. Russia was communist, US was democratic - During the war, the huge Soviet army had poured into eastern europe and seized nations - Stalin promised to withdraw his troops from the countries once the war was over. However, he refused to keep his promise when Hitler was defeated. - In 1945, when it was clear that Germany had lost, allied leaders met at Yalta to decide what should happen when war ended. Most importantly, what to do with the lands they had captured from Germany - The allies agreed that Germany would be split into 4 zones, each zone would be occupied by an allie - The allies agreed each country freed after the war would be able to choose its form of government. However, the Soviet Union took complete control of the countries of Eastern Europe. They became known as satellites states and communism spread - The Berlin wall separated East Germany and West Germany. East was communist and West was democratic. There was restricted travel, no outside news between the two. The anti-communist on the communist side were sent to labour camp - As WW2 ended, the cold war had began, this term originally meant that the two superpowers would try to defeat each other without direct fighting - The Cold War would be fought with spying, propaganda and political pressure, not guns - The Cold War involved terrifying nuclear arms race - Gouzenko Affair: Igor Gouezenko, was a Soviet cipher clerk stationed at the Soviet Union’s Ottawa embassy during the Second World War. Just weeks after the end of the war, Gouzenko defected to the Canadian government with proof that his country had been spying on its wartime allies: Canada, Britain and the United States. This prompted what is known as the Gouzenko Affair. Gouzenko sought asylum for himself and his family in Canada. His defection caused a potentially dangerous international crisis. It is considered by many, the beginning of the Cold War - First clash of the cold war 1947: Greece-Turkey were threatened by communism, America would help any nation threatened by communism (Truman Doctrine) - Greece, Turkey were able to resist communism - After WW2, many European countries were ruined, Harry Trumman believed poor countries = support communism, US wants to rebuild Europe, stop influence of Soviet Union (European Recovery Plan, Marshall Plan, Canada assisted) - 1948 Berlin Blockade: Stalin cut off rail and highway access to outside, US began airlift of food and supplies into West Berlin, later Stalin abondends the blockade - 1949: Soviet Union seizes control of Slovakia and explodes first atomic bomb, US, Canada and others take joint action - April 4th 1949: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is creator, 12 nations signed, 3 more join later - Nato = collective security, if one member was attacked it would as if all the members were attacked - In response to “Nato” Russia creates the Warsaw Pact with 8 nations - 1955, 10 years after the war, Europe was once again divided into two hostile camps , Nato and Warsaw Pact Fall of The Berlin Wall - After the splitting of Germany, eastern Europe was dominated by the Soviet Union and the West by the allies (Britain, France, America), the division between the two was considered an “iron curtain” - Iron Curtain: not a physical wall, ideological divide between Western democracy and Soviet communism - West Germany: Market economy, capitalist, democatic, parliamentary government, high standard of living - East Germany: Command economy, communist, authoritarian government, low standard of living - Soviets decided to build the wall in 1961, wanted to prevent people leaving West Germany or East Germany - As a result, families were separated, people couldn't get to their jobs, - While East Germany did grow economically, it was still viewed as oppressed - 5,000 plus tried to escaped, 136 confirmed died while trying too - People were going through Czechoslovakia and mass protest began in East Germany - On Nov 9 1989, people from East and West Germany were allowed to travel to the other side - The wall was broken and the Russian government did nothing - Aftermath: Germany begun reunification, official date: October 3, 1990 - Problems with reunification: East was communist, West was capitalist, closing factories in the east would cost thousands of jobs lost - United Germany would have 25% higher population, German people linked together in a single community, families separated were re-united, potential for the future developments 1950s - 1960s The Pop Culture Era - For Canadians, the late forties and early fifties marked the return to a normal family life - Hard time during the depression and World War 2 had kept people from having big families in the 1930’s and 1940’s, post-year war saw economic boom - Baby boom, in 15 years population increased by 50%, from 12 million to 18 million, 1950s and 60s era of youth - Growth of suburbs, upsurge in drive and new car styles, “Bigger is better,” enorouse V8 engines and 2 tone colours - Dispense candy, frisbees, telephone booth stuffing, 3D movies, sideburns, hula hoop, poodle skirts, saddle shoes, letter sweaters, virgin pins, and television were all major fads of the 50’s - Ed Sulivan: American hour long show, pop culture classic, brought comedians, opera stars, broadway actors, musicals and variety acts (1928-1972) - Elvis Presely, famous rock and roll star, was on the show 3 times Counter Culture - Counter culture was a rebellion of teens and young adults against mainstream American society - They were called hippies, because they against societal norms and wanted to create an alternative culture with the values of peace and love - During the 60s, the number of teens and young adults rose drastically - They were living in turbulent times and blamed their parents for their problems - College students rebelled against unjust rules - Led to the free speech movement, young people were questioning authority - Thousands of teens/young adults abandoned schools, jobs, traditional homes life, moved to rural cities, did their own thing - Some sought enlightenment through Buddhism and astrology - Many experimented with illegal drugs such as weed, LSD, acid - Tie dye clothing, flower power, long hair and beads were distinct in hippies - Many hippies struggled with drug addiction, Charles Manso was a famous one among them - Many Americans believed their actions were disrespectful or uncivilized - The hippie movement did not last long but impacted America - Americans became more open minded - Pop art, rock and roll, censorships relaxed for films - Express ideas against government/society The Quiet Revolution The two world wars brought many domestic tensions between French and English Canadians. One of the main reasons for this was Quebec’s opposition to conscription. After the second world war ended, and the conscription crisis was resolved, Quebec-Canada relations seemed to be calm, however, problems still remained pretty close to the surface. The Quiet Revolution was intense socio-political times during the 1960s. Led by Jean Lesage, they were fighting to eliminate corruption in the Government of Quebec. Improve public services particularly, including, transportation, health care and education. Improve wages and pension benefits for the citizens of Quebec. Develop new industries and access the natural resources of the province. In short, they were fighting for independence and some type of separation or individuality from the rest of Canada. This led to tensions between English and French Canadians to rise again. The English were against separatism from Quebec and believed that Canada should be one unified country. The French felt less compared to the English (since English-Canadians had higherpaying jobs and lived a better lifestyle overall) and wanted Quebec to have more power in Canada and maybe even separate. The French were highly nationalistic.