The Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire Reasons why a group would want to conquer other lands ● Natural resources ● Eliminate competition ● Take over strategic locations ● Money/Loot(Contraband)/Tribute $$$ ● Power/ Ego/Prestige Who were the Mongols? ● Pastoral people from the modern day Mongolia ○ Pastoral peoples are nomadic or semi-nomadic groups of people who raise livestock as their primary or secondary source of food. The word "pastoral" comes from the Latin word pastor, which means “shepherd” ● Organized into clans ● Mongolians were trained to ride horses at a young age to be able to fight in battle Genghis Khan ● Elected to lead the Mongols in a period of conquest ○ Genghis Khan = “Strong Ruler” ● Conquered most of Eurais ○ Largest Land empire in HISTORY ● After his death, the empire was divided into khanates ● Ruled by his sons The Mongols Take China ● In their attack on the Song in China they were introduced to gunpowder and firearms. ○ Introduced gunpowder to Europe through the Silk Road ● Under Kublai Khan (Genghis Khan”s grandson) the Mongolins completed their conquest of the Song Dynasty. ○ Established his capital; at the Khanbaliq (“City of the Khan) and ruled until his death The Muslim Empires During the age of exploration ● 3 great muslim empires emerged ○ Mongols, Savids, Ottomans The beginning ● ● ● ● 13th century 2 groups of turks lived peacefully on the anatolian peninsula (turkey) Osman Turks and Seljuk Turks Seljuk Turks declined over time and the Osman Turks expanded across the peninsula Marked the beginning of the Ottoman dynasty Expansion ● As they continued to gain power, the Ottomans gained control of the Balkans ● Ottoman rulers called themselves– Sultans ● They built a strong military led by an elite guard called the Janissaries Janissaries ● Balkan Christians, taken by the Ottoman and forced to convert, or change religion to Islam ● Trained as foot soldiers ● Learned to use firearms ● Used skill to defeat the serbs in bulgaria (taken over by the Ottomans) More expansion ● Over 300 years , the Ottomans continued to expand ● 4/6/1453 – 5/29/1453 ● Using cannons and advanced weaponry , the Ottomans captured constantinople (Istanbul) ● Was the capital of the Byzantine empire– their closet rivals Turks were led by Mehmet II – Sultan Selmi I ● (1514-1517) Sultan Selin I took controls of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia ● Control 3 Holy Cities (Jerusalem, Mecca, and Madinah) ● Selmin declared himself the new caliph – defender of the faith – successor to Muhammad African Occupation ● After Egypt, Turks head west ● Did not take much effort to overcome and lead the North AFrican territories ● The people were already Muslim and the Turks used Pashas ● Pasha – Turk official who collected taxes and maintained the law Suleyman I ● Begins reigen in 1520 ● Pushed as far as Vienna, Austria ● Lay siege to Hungary ● Turks eventually pushed out of central europe in the late 1600s Gunpowder Empire ● Formed by the conquerors who unified the regions he conquerors ● ● ● Mastery of firearms Sultan was the head and live in a harem ( lived in a palace with 4 wives) Sultan handed authority to local leader and a Grand Vizier Grand Vizier led the meetings for Sultans Ottoman Religion ● Turkish speaking muslims ● Sunni Muslims ● Ulema- given the power by the Sultan to teach religion ● Tolerant of non-muslims ○ But they had to pay taxes to practice their religion Trouble in the Empire ● The height of the empire was during the reign of the Suleyman I (The Magnificent) ● Trouble came from him too ● Executed 2 of his 3 sons for treason ● Remaining son (Selmin II) ● After the Sulyman’s death, the central government lost control of local corrupt officials ● Empire began more european- like clothes coffee and customs Slavery ● Christian boys taken from families ● Called this act “Devshirme” – “Boy Levy” ● Good looking – good build ● Converted to muslims ● Schooling and discipline ● At 25, assigned military/ government role The Safavid Dynasty Rise of the Safavid Dynasty ● In the 16th century a new dynasty took control of Perisa. The new dynasty would be known as the Safavids ● Safavids were ardent Shitte Muslims ● ● ● Founded by Shah ismail. Ismail used his forces to seize much of Iran and Iraq Ismain sent Shitte preachers into Turkey (Ottoman Territory) to convert Sunni Muslims Shan claimed himself the spiritual leader of all of Islam ○ Ottoman Kings are Sultans, Safavid Kings are Shahs ● Constant fueding between the Ottomans and the Safavid will stir up the Middle East The Safavid Dynasty ● Directions: List the Safavid Shahs and significant developments that occurred during the time period Shah Significant Event Ismail Abbas Shah Abbas ● The Safavids reached their high point under the Shah Abbas who ruled from 158 to 1629. He created a system similar to Ottoman janissaries and strengthened his army with the latest weapons The Safavids dynasty lost its vigor after Abbas’s death (1629). His successors lacked his talent and political skills Political and Social Structures ● The pyramid-shaped Safavid political system has the shan at the top, the bureaucracy and landed classes in the middle, and the common people below. Shites eagerly supported the Safavid rulers because they believed the founder of the empire was a direct successor to Muhammed. The Safavid Empire was not as prosperous as the Ottoman or the Mogul Safavid Culture ● Knowledge of science, medicine, and mathematics under the Safavids equaled that of other societies of the region. Persia has an extraordinary flowering of arts under Shah Abbas. Isfahan was a grandiose planned city with wide spaces and a sense of order ● Silk weaving and carpet weaving was flourishing ● Riza-i-Abbasi was the most famous artist of the period Sunni and Shitte Muslims Differences Sunni ● Shiite “One who follows the traditions of the Prophet Turkey represented the Ottoman All ● “People of the Household” (Of the Prophet) ● Believed that the leader should have stayed within the prophets family Believed that the leader should be elected from among those capable of the Job! Believed Imams were appointed by God himself Believe that there is no basis in Islam for the worship of Imams Do not recognize the authority of elected Muslimm officials Leadership of the community in not a birthright, but a trust that may be given or taken away from people Caliph- Ali (Cousin- in - law) Caliph-Abu bakr Follow the leadership of Imams!! Make up the majority of Muslims in the world 85% Imams are sinless by nature (perfect) Muslims ● Sunni and Shiite Muslims share the most fundamental Islamic beliefs and articles of faith. The 'Five Pillars' of Islam are the foundation of Muslim life: ● Faith or belief in the Oneness of God and the finality of the prophethood of Muhammad ● Establishment of the daily prayers ● Concern for and almsgiving to the needy ● Self-purification through fasting ● The pilgrimage to Makkah for those who are able. ● Most Muslims do not distinguish themselves as Sunni or Shiite, but rather prefer to call themselves “Muslims” The Mogul Empire The Mogul Dynasty ● Established in present day India ● Founder- Babur.. descendant of the great Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan (mom’s side) ● Babur captured city of Delhi, despite the fact that he was outnumbered ● ● ● ● Akbar- Babur’s grandson was 14 when he received control over the empire Born a Muslim and adopted a policy of religious tolerance Tolerated Christaians and Hindus Akbar Era was a time of great progress. ○ EX: Bad weather → reduced taxes 😿 Mogul Empire Declines ● ● ● ● Akbar dies in 1605 After India takes a downward spiral Shah Jahan failed to deal with domestic problems Spent money … military campaigns and expensive building projects stained funds ● ● ● ● ● ● Shah Jahan’s troubles worsen when he becomes sick. Power struggle between 2 sons Aurangzeb is the WINNER!! Strict Muslim who wanted everyone in India to convert to Islam One of the most controversial rulers in Indian HISTORY!!’ Tried to eliminate social evils Mogul Empire is History ● ● ● Eliminating social evils led to numerous revolts throughout India India was now divided and vulnerable to outside attacks Persians scaled the city of Delhi and left it in ashes The British in India ● ● ● The French tried to suppress British trade in India, but the British were saved by the military genius of Sir Robert Clive, who eventually became the chief representative of the East India Company. Clive consolidated British control in Bengal, where Fort William was located. In 1757, the British under Clive’s leadership defeated the Mongol Army in the Battle of Plassey in Bengal. In the late 18th century, the East India Company moved inland from it;s coastal strongholds ○ Joint Stocks Company Society and Daily Life in Mogul India ● Women had an active political role, sometimes even fighting in wars, in the Mogul tribal society. In Mogul India, aristocratic women often received salaries owned land, and too part in business ● ● Simultaneously, women lived under restrictions of Islamic law A wealthy landed nobility and merchant class emerged during the Mughal era. Many prominent Indians had tradingties with foreigners such as the British The Ming Dynasty ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● The Ming Dynasty began with the overthrow of the Mongols in China 1368. The Ming Periods lasted until 1644. China extended its rule into Mongolia and central Asia Ming rulers ran an effective government, using a centralized bureaucracy staffed by officials who had taken the civil service examination. Ming emperors set up a nation wide school system The economy flourished. The Ming Dynasty began a time of greatness in China. Emperor Yong Le began construction of the Imperial City– known today as the Forbidden City– in Beijing in 1406. The Imperial CIty was the home of China's emperors for near;y 500 years Zheng He, China made seven voyages of exploration between 1405 and 1431 The fleet visited the western coast of india and city-states of East Africa After the emperor Yong Le’s death in 1424, the voyages halted In 1514, a Portuguese fleet arrived off the Coast of China. The emperor was unimpressed with the Eurpoeans, who he considered barbarians After outraging the Chinese with their behavior, the Portuguese were expelled from Guangzhou (Canton) but were allowed to occupy Macao Jesuit missionaries made the trip to China and impressed Chinese officials with such devices as clocks and eyeglasses Jesuits were impressed with Chinese architecture and the printing of books Jesuits were impressed with the teachings of Confucius, and they thoughts Christianity to the Chinese The Decline ● The Ming DYnasty declined due to a series of weak rulers, government corruption, high taxes, low crop yields, peasants unrest, and major epidemic in the late 1630 ● Revolt led by Li Zicheng in 1644. He occupied Beijing, the capital, and the last Ming emperor died. ● The Muchus, a farming and peoples who live in the area now known as teh ManChruia, conquered Beijing ● They created the Qing (pure) dynasty, which remained power until 1911 Qing Dynasty ● The Chinese resisted the new Manchu rulers, Rebels seized the island of Taiwan ● To more easily identify rebels, all Chinese men were to shave their foreheads, and braid their hair into a pigtail called the queue under penalty of death. The Manchus were accepted gradually, and the Qing dynasty flourished. A series of strong emperors corrected social and economic ills and restored peace and prosperity The Manchus dealt in 2 ways with the fact that they were ethnically and culturally different from their subjects 1. They preserved their own identities by having different legal status. Maintaining large landholdings and forming separate Manchu military units called banner 2. They brought chinese into the top ranks of the imperial administration so they showed a welcome willingness to share power Kangxi ● Was perhaps CHinad greatest emperor. He ruled from 1661 to 1772. He was highly disciplined and diligent ● He claimed the unrest along the frontiers and won the support of scholars by supporting the arts and letters ● Was quite tolerant of Christans