Nationalism as a Force for Disunity and Unity in 19th-20th Century Empires and Italy

As you read this section, take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity. How did nationalism lead to the breakup of these empires? 1. Austro-Hungarian Nationalism in Austria and Hungary led to many arguments and disputes throughout the Empire. It weakened the empire, slowly dividing both states. After World War I, Austria and Hungary broke apart into several separate nation-states. 2. Russian The Russian Empire was made of up many countries filled with many different cultures. The ruling Romanov dynasty of Russia wanted to control the diversity in the Empire, so they instilled a policy called Russification, which essentially forced Russian culture on the different cultures and ethnic groups in the empire. However, Russification strengthened the ethnic nationalist feelings, which encouraged the disunification of Russia. With the empire already weakened from the loss of World War I, it could not handle the communist revolution. The last Romanov czar gave up his power in 1917. 3. Ottoman The Ottoman Empire controlled countries like Greece, Slovakia, Arabic countries, Bulgaria, and Armenia. The Ottomans gave equal citizenship to all the countries under their rule because they were pressured by the British and the French. Unfortunately, equal citizenship angered the conservative Turks who wanted no change, and this caused tensions throughout the empire. In response to the rise in nationalism in Armenia, the Ottomans massacred and deported Armenians from 1894 to 1896 and again in 1915. The Ottoman Empire broke apart soon after World War I. How did each of the following help unify Italy? 4. Camillo di Cavour Camilo di Cavour helped unify Italy by driving Austria out of the northern provinces. With help from Napoleon III in 1858 he and the combined French Sardinian army won two victories over Austria. They were able to gain all of northern Italy except Venetia. 5. Giuseppe Garibaldi He and his forces crossed to the Italian mainland and marched north. He agreed to unite the southern areas which he conquered with the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. Cavour arranged a meeting with King Emmanuel and Garibaldi in Naples. Garibaldi agreed and let the Sardinian king rule. Italian forces seized the 6. King Victor Emmanuel King Victor Emmanuel II had Camiloio di Cavour as his prime minister, who conquered and unified all of Northern Italy. He also met with Garibaldi who conquered all the southern areas that he unified, and Emmanuel became ruler of those areas too. Papal States, and with that area, Rome had become under Italian control. It soon become the capital of the united kingdom of Italy. How did each of the following lead to German unification? 7. policy of realpolitik The policy of realpolitik is a term that means “the politics of reality” Otto von Bismarck used this policy when he was prime minister. He declared that he would rule without the consent of Parliament nor with a legal budget. This was a direct violation of the Constitution. His first step towards molding an Empire was allying with Prussia and Austria and going to war against Denmark. They were successful and were able to win two border provinces Schleswig and Holstein. The national pride of monks Prussians and it won new respect from other Germans and lent support for Prussia as head of a unified Germany 8. Seven Weeks’ War Bismarck started conflicts with Austria over the border provinces. Tensions eventually led to Austria declaring war against Russia in 1886 which became known as the Seven Weeks War. The Prussians were able to use their Superior Equipment and training to defeat the Austrians. Austria lost control of the region of Venetia which was given to Italy and they had to accept Prussian annexation of more German territory. Pressure took control of Northern Germany and the eastern and western parts of the Prussian Kingdom were joined for the first time. The remaining states of the north joined the North German Confederation and Prussia dominated it as a whole. 9. Franco-Prussian War A few Southern States in Germany were excluded from Prussian control. However, Bismarck thought that he could win the support of the southerners if they were to feel threatened from the outside. He thought that a war with France would gain his support from the south. Because he was so good at stirring the pot he created the impression that the French Ambassador and sold to the Prussian King which caused the French to declare war on Prussia for his deception. It's September Of 1870 depression Army surrounded the French Force at Sedan and among the 83,000 French prisoners that were taken included. Napoleon III. The parisians were forced to surrender and it became known as the Franco-Prussian War This was the final step in German unification and the nationalistic feeling spread throughout Germany including the Southern States. They accepted Prussian leadership and in 1871 the captured French Palace of Versailles the Prussian King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned emperor. Explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as Kaiser of the Second Reich. Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as Kaiser of the Second Reich, by helping unify Prussia. He first did this by allying with Prussia and Austria and winning the two border provinces. This won the respect of other Germans and allowed Prussia to be head of a unified Germany. He also instigated a war against France, which ended in the French’s defeat, and the victory won the hearts of the people in southern Germany, strengthening nationalism. The people of Germany finally accepted Prussian leadership. At the captured French palace of Versailles, King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned kaiser (emperor) and the Germans named the empire the Second Reich.