Criminal Justice Exam And Final Notes

Innovation is when the person does buy into the conventional goals of success, but does not buy into the con means for getting to the goals . so an INNOVATOR is someone who wants to be successful, but doesnt wanna work for it is an innovator Conformist want success and work for it Rebellion is someone who buys into the idea of conventional means and goals of success, but don't buy into the current convention means or goals . THEY FIND NEW AND THEIR OWN GOALS ANOMIE is when normlessness or the chaos in a society CHANGES VERY RAPIDLY Restrestist give up on everything, they don’t care they don’t buy into the con goals of success or the con means Retreatist gangs are people who have failed to succeed in both the conventia world and the criminal or conflict gangs of their neighborhoods RITUALISM is going through the motions and days of life but even tho they don’t accept the goals or values An organic society is having a high division of labor and thus a low level of agreement about societal norms, largely bc everyone has such different roles in society Relative deprivation is when poor people live near rich people High level of agreement regarding social norms and rules bc nearly everyone is engaged in the same roles is a MECHANICAL society ANOMIE CHANGES RAPIDLY Corner boy, bottom of the social order Natural areas are the chicago's schools idea that all cities contain identifiable clusters, and hoods that have low or high crime rates like little italy or chinatown In the chicago school, zone 1 was once residential but now it is becoming more industrial bc of invading factories, tends to have the highest crime rates . this is called zone in transition Concentric circles are models proposed by chicago school theories that assumes that all cities grow in a natural way w the same five zones The primary concept of millers theory, all members of the lower class focus on concepts they deem important, ftae , autonomy , trouble , toughness , excitement and smartness The cultural or subcultural theory assumes that many offenders believe in a normative system distinctly different from and often at odds w the norms accepted by conventional society The chicago school of criminology emphasizes the environmental kimact of livinf in a high crime hood applies ecological principles to explain how cities grow and highlihts levels of hood organization on explain crime rates The differential reinforcement theory is a theory of criminal behavior that emphasizes various types of social learning, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and imitation or modeling The differential association theory of criminal behavior that emphasizes association w significant others in learning criminal behavior The retrospective interpreatation is in the labeling theory, the ptocess by wich an indivaul is idd as a deviant and therfore viewed in a new light PRIMARY DEVIANCE IS infrequent offending people commit before they are caught and labeled as offenders . the initial stage in defining deviant behavior Overall, the labeling theory is a theoretical perspective that assumes that criminal behvaior increases bc certain people are caught anf labled as offedners, their offending increases they they have been stigmatized Plea bargaining and negotiation are more seen in adults rather than children Secondary deviance is the more serious, frequent offedering people commit after they have been caught and labeled as offenders Falsely accused is when a person is identified as disobeying the rules but they actually didn’t violate the rules A proletariat is in marx’s confilct theory , the oppresed group of workers exploited by the bourgeosie they neve profit form their own effoerts bc the upper class owns and controls the means of production . proletariat is workers or working class people A secret deviant is person who violates the rules of society but elicits no reaction from society Pure deviant is the opposite , they are seen as a deviant by society reTRIbutive is one sided imposing of punishment reSTORative justice is victim, offender and community in large Dramatizaton of evil , they community or oubic exaggartes the crime when they are relatiely minor SYMBOLIC INTERACTION proposes that many social interactions invole symboliasm, which ovvurs when people interpret each others words or gestures and act based on the meaning of those gestures The group conflict theory is VOLD aruged that part of human nature is that peoples lives are a part, and a product of their group assications, grups come into conflict w one another due to conflicting and competitive interests Racial prejudice and discrimination = stereotyping The nonpartisan conflict perspective is that political or ideological positive are irrelevant when assessing the validity f knowledge clasin, the truth should be independent the political ideology Peacemaking criminology incorporates three intellectual traditions, RELIGIOUS , FEMINIST, AND CRITICAL. Contends that society should attempt reconciliation through mediation and dispute settlement LEFT realism is that previous theories are incomplete, it attempts to provide an analysis of crime on all levels and develop a range of policy recommendations POSTMODERN FEMINISM is a perspective that says women as a group CANNOT be understood, even by other women , bc every person's experience is unique , therefore, these is no need to measure or research such experiences Right to vote, FIRST waves of feminism in the 1800’s Chivalry is tresting them a though they are on a edestal Radical fem is emphasizing the importance of personal feelings, experiecnes, and relationships, gender is a ssytem of male dominacne, and womens biology is the maincasue of patriarchy Quantitative is the numerical research method Gender specific programming is targeted to juv girls, gives females an increased sense of community that has been associated w developing and integrating a health id The third wave of feminism was around the late 1980’s and into the 1990’s , an extension of as well as response to the shortcomings of the second wave “The personal is the political,” refers to the notion that the “private sphere” is as structured by power relations involving gender, sexuality, race, class and age as the “public sphere” PRAXIS , est of alternative arrangements that will provide models for change, which then change consciousness Multiracial feminism is an intersectional framework that includes such defining social characterist as race, class, gender , sexualoty and nationtiy and age . beyond diversity MARXIST FEMINISM is concept of economic structure . marxist feminism is a perspective of crime that emphasizes mens ownership and control of the means of e  conomic production Patriarchy is a social, legal ad political climate based on mae dominance and hierarchy . a key aspect to thi ideology is that w  omen's nurture is biologically , not culturally , determined NONnumerical isQUAL ITATIVE Objectivity is neutral and UNbiased , value free The second waves of feminism developed in the 1960s when other grups were also challenging the status quo, civil rights movement, prisoners rights movement , feminist of this wave aruged that to be fully liberated, women neede to have equal access to economuc apportunies and secual freedoms as well as civil liberties Praxis, models for change . practices Socialist fem is wawy from marxist , ecomeincs. Belived women shoudl take control of their own bodeis and reproductive funcation via contraceptives Developmental theories are perspectives of criminal behavior that emphasize the EVOLUTION of people criminaltiy over time , w the peoples as the unit of analysis TRAJECTORIES are paths people take in life, often due to life transitions Transitions are the evnt that are imporatn in alterning trajectoires or paths toward criminl behavior such as marriage or employment A life course persistent offender is a type of offender who starts offending early and persist through adulthood Adolescence limited offenders are people who commit crimes ONLY during adolescence and desist in his or hers 20s or adulthood These are moffitts developentn theory or taxomony . he propsoed a theoreical perspecetive propsoig that criminal acs are commited by these two types of offenders Thornberry’s interactional model is the first major perspcetive to empahaie reciprocal or feedback ,effects in the causal modeing of the theoretical framework The labeling perspective examines how and why certain people are considered to be deviant or criminal. And it is the basis of society is human interaction , structire is merely patterned interaction , and to understand human behavior , on needs to undderdstand interaction . the primary product of human interaction is social meaning, humans learn the meaning of all aspects of reality from others. The labeling perspective REJECTED THE DOMINANT STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST MODELS OF THE 1950S HOWARD BECKER OUTSIDERS , studies in the sociology of deviance established the social impact of applying the label , no act is really deviant, it must be defined . studies in the sociology of deviance argue that deviance exists in the eye of the beholder . howard becker , deviance exist in the eye of the beholder . EDWIN LEMERT HUMAN DEVIANCE , SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND SOCIAL CONTROL Original work found in social pathology . EDWIN LEMERT focused on primary dev and secondary dev SECONDARY deviance made choices Labeling perspective direct DESCENDENT OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM , which re gestural communication The labeling perspective is a direct descendent of symbolic interactionism JOHN BRAITHWAITE , crime shame and reintegration . contemporary perspective of labeling theory . braithwaite explored the process of social control known as shaming There are TWO types of shaming , reintegrative . reintegrative is bring them back into the fold of society . D  ISintegrative is the shunning the offender for good from society BRAITHWAITE was SHAMING Crime, shame and reintegration Contemporary perspective on labeling theory It aruged that dsiintegratie shaming does indeed create a class of outcasts Offedners are prevented from bonding back into socity , can only becaome more entrenced in crime as a rsult of being branded a criminal US has no ceremony allowing people the chance to exit the deviant role EDWIN LEMERT HUMAN DEVIANCE , SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND SOCIAL CONTROL Is primary dev and secondary sev The STUDIES IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF DEVIANCE EST. THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF APPLYING THE LABEL . HOWARD BECKER THE DOMINAT STURCTURAL FUNCTIONALST MDELS OF THE 2950S WERE REJECTICED BY THE LABELING THEORY THE SOCIAL BOND THEORY ATTACHMENT is the most important element of the bon, it refers to the importance of relationships to others in the socialization process and internalization of norms There is criticisms of involvement, not all conventional activities are equal in preventing delinquency , only academic and relgious , dating and sports increase risk of committing crime Belief is the extent to which an individual considers societal rules or laws to be important, and he victim of such rules to be wrong Commitment, the amount invested in conventional society , people will lose if committing crime Sykes and MAtza , the techinques of neutralization and drift, the major premise of this is youths learn way sof enurtaling moral restrints and periodcally rift ina dn out of criminal beavhior The strength of sykes and matza is explaining why kids DO NOT become adult criminals Albert reiss , attributed the cause of delinquency to the failure of personal and social controls . personal controls are internalized , like values and morals . social controls are externalized , like groups instiutions creat rules and norms . albert reiss stressed the importance of family to provide ur basic social needs GOTTFREDSON AND HIRSCHI HAD THE GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME = LOW SELF CONTROL .the main source for low self control is ineffective or incompete socialztion , family mot imporatnce in socialzation process LOW SELF CONTROL CRYSTALLIZED AT AGE 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 JOHN HAGAN HAD THE POWER CONTROL THEORY , FEMINIST CRIMINALITY The power control theory , delinquency is rewarding, gender is central to understand del , oer relations between mother and father determine the control exercised on son / daughter , in patriarchal family , boys have less controls . JOHN HAGAN , POWER CONTROL , FEMINIST CRIMINALITY The general theory of crime , impulsive personality , criminal opportunity , low self control , weakening of social bonds equals crime and deviance Basic Elements Of Social Disorganization poverty , rapid pop growth , heterogeneity , transiency confined to disrupt the core social institutions, family, these conditions cause social disorganization , concept originated from the chicago school of sociology , used to explain urban social deviance , social disorder refers to the breakdown of social insti in the community Crime prevention through environmental design , c. ray jefferies A concept, features of the natural and artificial built, environment can be designed somes to reduce the opp for crime, increasing the community's perception of safety , change environment not the offender SAMPSON, RAUDENBUSH, EARLS COLLECTIVE EFFICACY noted that communities poverty level, race, age, composition, and family disruption is related to neighborhood rates of violence Sampson and raudenbush said that social disorganization constitutes as being low econ status, mixture of different ethnic groups, highly mobile residents moving in and out of the area disrupted families and broken homes The early social disorganization theorists, GUERRY & QUETELET in the 1830s noted the uneven distribution of crime , guerry and quetelet . the effects of demographic , situ, envir, factors such s season , climate , population , and poverty on the rime rate , concluded that it was societal factors that caused crime . Here are the SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY WEAKNESSES Does not answer why middle class class occurs Why are some youths insulated form crime Why do gang members forgo criminality as adults Why are most lower class people law abiding Social disorg doesnt say why the middle class commits crimes , or why some youth are insulated from crime , or why gang meners forgo or stop cirminal as adutls, why lower class people follow the law CLIFFORD SHAW & HENRY MCKEY HAD THE JUVENILE DELINQUENCY & URBAN AREAS 1964 , used park and burgess concentric zone theory to investigate delinquency , examined arrests rates of juveniles, tuberculosis, infant mortality . delinquency occurred in the areas nearest the buisness district , zone in transition. Law economic status , ethic heterogeneity , residenital mobilty Culture deviance theory focuses on the combination of social and strain theories . development of subcultures as a result of disorganization and stress , subcultural values inoppoistion to conventional values The focus of the SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY Is inadequate social control , law violating gangs and groups, conflicting social values The crime prevention through environmental design i by c ray jefferies in 1977 the concept features of the natural and artificial and built environemtn can be deisgned so as to reduce the opportunity for crime to happen increasing the commmunity perception of safety , physical environment can be midofied to predeict or prescribe behavior . chage environemnt not the offender SAMPSON , RAUDENBUSH , EARLS collective efficacy noted that community poverty level , race , age composition , and family disruption is rlated to neighborhood rates of violence BROKEN WINDOWS THEORY is JAMES Q WILSON AND GEORGE KELLING BROKEN The defensible space theory OSCAR NEWMAN is the flaws in the physical envirment serve as attractors or facilitators for crime . OSCAR NEWMAN wrote maninly about housing projects and how they seemed to be designed to provide easy access w common entrances and exits for criminals also w hiding places and poorly plaed windows whcih allowded esasy survenillance by would be criminals . phsycial desgin apporach to crime prevention argues that when common spaes assiocted w high rise housing such as community rooms and outdoor grounds , lack clear ownders or open to too many users, residents cant assert repsobilty or their safety and maintenane and these places are left vulnerable to crime and vandalism The STRAIN THEORY FOCUSES on conflict bewteen goals and means . unequal distribution or wealth and power , frustration Culture deviance theory focus is development of subcultures as a result of dsiorganization and stress , subcultural alues inn opposiion to conventional values The focus of the social disorganization or the social structure apporach is on the conditions in the environment , deteriorated neighborhoods, inadequate social control law violating gangs and groups conflicting social values The three branches of social structure theory are social disorg, strain , and culture deviance THREE BRANCHES are social disorg, culture deivance and STRAIN There are criticisms of social disorganization , there is confusion between cause and effect , seen as tautological social dis is presented as a despriction of a condition and the cause of the condition . questioned the validity of quanlitative research , research was biaas, more journalistic than scientific , agenda for the policy devel is in question , objection to use plant ecology to understand human connuntities , does living conditons present a value judgement on lower class living , described community factors realted to crime and dev but DID NOT DIS INQUISH THE CONSEQUENCES OF CRIME FROM DISORG ITSELF . DID NOT CALRIFY THE CONCEPT OF DISORG . SUBJECTIVE INSTEAD OF OJBECTIVE , ONLY EXPLAINED CRIME AS A LOWER LOWER CLASS PHENOMENA < FAILED TO ACOUNT FOR MIDDLE UPPER CLASS, did not define disorg The concentric zone thory is by park and burgess 1925 is the ecological analyis of crime cauation , took idea from plant ecology , dominance , invasion , and succession , idea of concentric zone surrounded the cuty whch extencted from central business district to commuter zone . the center of the concentric zone the HIHGHER the crime rate . Otto pollack , he arged tha women CONFLICT CRIM Critical crim Radical crim Peacemaking crim Left realism Conflict Perspectives , critical - radical Foundations in karl marx , society is dominated by unified , capitalist ruling class Suggest the justice system protects the RICH AND POWERFUL Here are the fundamentals of critical criminology In critical crimology , the poor are controlled through INCARCERATION The the middle class are diverated form THE CARING BY THE UPPER CLASSES CREATING A PUBLIC FEAR OF THE LOWER CLASSES Research suggests a relationship between ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND HOMICIDES Quinney’s theory consists of 6 interrelated propositions Crime is a definition of HUMAN CONDUCT created by authorized agents in a politically organised society. The authorized agent in politicals definite the human behaviors . Criminal definitions describe behaviour conflicting with the interests of segments of society having the power to shape public policy Criminal defin are applied by the segments of society that have the power to shape the enforcement and administration of criminal law Behaviors patterns are structured in segmentally organized society in relation t criminal def, and within this context, persons engage in actions that have relative probabilities of being defined as criminal Conceptions of crime are constructed and diffused in the segments of society by various means of communication The social reality of crime is constructed by the formulation and application of criminal defin, the development of behavior patterns related to criminal def, and the construction of criminal conceptions FUNDAMENTALS OF CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY The poor aka PROLETARIAT engage in STREET CRIMES . PROLETARIAT , POOR , STREET CRIMES The rich aka the BOURGEOISIE engage in ACTS NOT DEFINED AS CRIMES , LIKE RACISM < SEXISM < PROFITEERING , they are INSULATED from the street crimes Capitalist , ruling class , CRIDAL and RADICAL HOMEIDCIE AND ECOMONCOC The upper class will commit IF they sense an opportunity of smke FINANICAL GAIN . their LACK of moral asense enagles thm to vilate SOCICAL RULES . THE UPPER CLASS THE HAVE AND HAVE NOT THEIORY OF WILLEM BONGER . In the fundamentals of critical crim , clitical conflict criminlogist are concerned with THE RECENT CONSERVATIVE AGENDAS OF CUTTING SOCIAL PROGRAMS AND INCEASED MILITARY SPENDING According to RICHRARD QUINNEY , class , state , and crime . CAPITALISM is the ROOT of criminal behavior He aruged that crime is a funcation of PWOER relations and inevtalbe result of SOCIAL CONFLICT RICHARD QUINNEY . Crime is defined by those in power . power refers t te abilty of persons and groups to determined and control behavior of tothers and to the ahpe public opiunion to meet their personal interestd Critical , radical explanations Marxist crim Social class and stratification , wealth , power , prestige , proletariat , bourgeoisie Political economy , creating inequalites leads to crime Family disorg , attitues towards the authority Ecominc contitions , unemply crime Surplus value , value of worker , replace worker Ciritcal , radical explanations marxist crim WILLEM BONGER , the HAVE / HAVE-NOT’S THEORY Crimes are considered antisocial bc they are threatening to those who have power