Chapter 18 Immune System Function, Assessment, and Therapeutic Measures

Answers CHAPTER 18 IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTION, ASSESSMENT, AND THERAPEUTIC MEASURES STRUCTURES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AUDIO CASE STUDY Scott and Anaphylaxis 1. Exposure to an allergen can occur by cross-contamination of equipment used to process foods, then eating it, inhaling it, or touching it. Unlabeled food makes it harder to avoid allergens. 2. Wear or carry medical identification and carry an epinephrine auto-injector at all times. 3. Tingly all over, fatigued, shortness of breath, labored breathing, hives, and swelling. 4. Scott did not carry his epinephrine auto-injector at all times. He ate unknown food. He did not call 911 immediately when he began to feel ill, and he walked home alone feeling ill. His brother did not call 911, instead picking him up and driving him to the hospital himself. 1 2 Chapter 18 Answers IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS History 1. (4) 2. (7) 3. (5) 4. (2) 5. (3) 6. (1) 7. (6) Food, medication, and environmental allergies should include those that the patient experiences and those present in the family history. With a family history, a previous exposure to a substance is not required before a severe reaction occurs. Conditions such as allergic rhinitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, and asthma are thought to be either familial or have a genetic predisposition. If the patient’s thymus gland has been removed (thymectomy), T-cell production may be altered. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressants alter the immune response. The patient’s lifestyle may place the patient at high risk for contracting HIV. ANTIBODIES 1. IgA 2. IgG 3. IgD 4. IgE 5. IgG 6. IgA 7. IgM CRITICAL THINKING 1. Antigens 2. Immunity 3. Natural killer cells, T cells, B cells 4. T cells (or T lymphocytes) 5. Immunoglobulins 6. Cell-mediated 7. Naturally acquired active 8. IgG 9. inflammation 10. neutrophils 1. Demographic data (e.g., age, gender, race and ethnic background, place of birth, place of residence, occupation [past and present]), high-risk behaviors, patient history (e.g., allergies [drug, food, environmental]), surgeries, diagnosed medical conditions (past, present), and physical (e.g., general appearance, cardiovascular, skin, mucous membranes, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, musculoskeletal, nervous). 2. Normal lymph nodes are not palpable. Nodes that are nontender, hard, fixed, and enlarged are frequently associated with cancer. 3. If cancer is suspected: recent weight loss, occupational exposures, any high-risk lifestyle behaviors such as smoking, sexual patterns, previous medical history, and family history. IMMUNE SYSTEM REVIEW QUESTIONS—CONTENT REVIEW 1. (7) 2. (4) 3. (5) 4. (1) 5. (2) 6. (8) 7. (3) 8. (6) 9. (10) 10. (9) The correct answers are in boldface. VOCABULARY DATA COLLECTION—HISTORY Corrections are in boldface. Demographic Data The patient’s age, gender, race, and ethnic background is important data. Systemic lupus erythematosus affects women ten times more frequently than men. The patient’s place of birth gives insight into ethnic ties. Where the patient has lived and does live may shed light on the current illness. The patient’s occupation, such as that of a coal miner, may contribute to respiratory symptoms. 1. (1) is correct. (2, 3, 4) are incorrect. 2. (2) is correct. (1, 3, 4) are incorrect. 3. (4) is correct. (1, 2, 3) are incorrect. 4. (1) is correct. (2, 3, 4) are incorrect. 5. (2) is correct. (1, 3, 4) are incorrect. 6. (2) is correct. (1, 3, 4) are incorrect. REVIEW QUESTIONS—TEST PREPARATION The correct answers are in boldface. 7. (4, 5) are correct. C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate test for inflammation. (1) is incorrect. IgM is an immunoglobulin. (2) is incorrect. CD4 is indicative of immune function and is decreased in cancer, HIV, AIDS, or immunosuppression. (3) is incorrect. Western blot is used to detect HIV antigens. 8. (1) is correct. This mother has a naturally acquired active immunity to chickenpox and can care for the children without a mask or a booster vaccine. (2, 3, 4) are incorrect. 9. (1, 2, 4, 5) are correct. Cold virus, plant pollen, bacterial toxins, or vaccines can all stimulate the formation of antibodies. (3) is incorrect. Transplanted organs stimulate Chapter 18 cell-mediated immunity, which does not involve the production of antibodies. 10. (2) is correct. A biopsy requires that the patient sign an informed consent. (1) is incorrect. Iodine is not typically used in a biopsy, but it is used in a computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging scan. (3, 4) are more appropriate when checking a patient with known allergies. Answers 3 11. (3) is correct. Systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disorder, tends to affect women ten times more than men. In addition, Hispanic, Native American, Asian, and African American women develop systemic lupus erythematosus two to three times more than Caucasian women.