EMT Evening Block 3 And Block 4 Cerebral Palsy

Block 4 Study Guide 1. Cerebral Palsy The result of destructive and developmental mechanisms. Interruption of oxygen supply to the fetus and brain asphyxia were classically considered to be the main causal factors explaining later CP. 2. Solid and hollow organs and what happens when they’re injured. Solid organs include the spleen, liver and pancreas, and generally bleed when injured. Hollow organs, including the stomach, intestines, bladder and gallbladder, spill their contents into the abdominal cavity (also called peritoneal cavity) when injured. 3. Functions of the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, kidneys The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile. This helps carry away waste products from the liver. All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver. During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches. Your pancreas also helps your digestive system by making hormones. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver. After meals, the gallbladder is empty and flat, like a deflated balloon. Before a meal, the gallbladder may be full of bile and about the size of a small pear. The kidneys act as very efficient filters for ridding the body of waste and toxic substances, and returning vitamins, amino acids, glucose, hormones and other vital substances into the bloodstream. The kidneys receive a high blood flow and this is filtered by very specialised blood vessels. 4. Visceral and parietal peritoneum Parietal peritoneum is that portion that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Those cavities are also known as the peritoneal cavity. Visceral peritoneum covers the external surfaces of most abdominal organs, including the intestinal tract. 5. Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) A sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine. Ulcers occur when stomach acid damages the lining of the digestive tract. Common causes include the bacteria H. Pylori and anti-inflammatory pain relievers including aspirin. 6. Hypo/Hyperglycemia Hyperglycemia indicates excess glucose in the blood. Hypoglycemia refers to abnormally low presence of glucose in the blood.Mar 7. Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes and its S/S Type 1 - A chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. S/S - Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. Block 4 Study Guide Type 2 - caused by resistance to insulin at the cellular level. S/S - without insulin blood sugar begins to rise, increased thirst, frequent urination, BBC hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. In some cases, there may be no symptoms. 8. Insulin/Glucagon Insulin helps the cells absorb glucose, reducing blood sugar and providing the cells with glucose for energy. When blood sugar levels are too low, the pancreas releases glucagon. Glucagon instructs the liver to release stored glucose, which causes blood sugar to rise. 9. Time of onset for hypo and hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia Onset - fast Hyperglycemia Onset - slow 10. Ketone and its production Ketones and ketoacids are alternative fuels for the body that are made when glucose is in short supply. They are made in the liver from the breakdown of fats. Ketones are formed when there is not enough sugar or glucose to supply the body's fuel needs. This occurs overnight, and during dieting or fasting. 11. Renal Failure Acute - A condition in which the kidneys suddenly can't filter waste from the blood. Acute renal failure develops rapidly over a few hours or days. It may be fatal. It's most common in those who are critically ill and already hospitalized. Chronic - Longstanding disease of the kidneys leading to renal failure. The kidneys filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. As kidneys fail, waste builds up. 12. AAA An enlargement of the aorta, the main blood vessel that delivers blood to the body, at the level of the abdomen. An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) can be life-threatening if it bursts. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are most common in older men and smokers 13. How does the body eliminate excess heat? To keep internal body temperatures within safe limits, the body must get rid of its excess heat, primarily through varying the rate and amount of blood circulation through the skin and the release of fluid onto the skin by the sweat glands. 14. Radiation, convection, conduction and evaporation Radiation - transfer of heat from invisible light. Heat can either be gained or loss. Block 4 Study Guide Convection - movement in a gas or liquid in which the warmer parts move to cooler parts. This can affect a person by adding heat to or removing heat from the body. Conduction - transference of heat, by direct contact. Evaporation - when a liquid converts to a gas. Such as sweat. 15. Heat Stroke, heat exhaustion Heat stroke is the most serious heat-related illness. It occurs when the body becomes unable to control its temperature: the body's temperature rises rapidly, the sweating mechanism fails, and the body is unable to cool down. Body temperature may rise to 106°F or higher within 10 to 15 minutes. Heat exhaustion is a condition whose symptoms may include heavy sweating and a rapid pulse, a result of your body overheating. It's one of three heat-related syndromes, with heat cramps being the mildest and heatstroke being the most severe. 16. Air Embolism A blockage of blood supply caused by air bubbles in a blood vessel or the heart. 17. Frostbite, frost nip Frostbite - A condition in which skin and the tissue just below the skin freeze. Frostnip - a mild form of frostbite. Continued exposure leads to numbness in the affected area. As your skin warms, you may feel pain and tingling. Frostnip doesn't permanently damage the skin. 18. Hypothermia, hyperthermia Hypothermia - A significant and potentially dangerous drop in body temperature. The most common cause is prolonged exposure to cold. Hyperthermia - A dangerously overheated body, usually in response to prolonged, hot, humid weather. 19. Newton’s First Law states that, if a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by an outside force. 20. Drowning Death caused by suffocation when water or other liquid fills the lungs. 21. Three collisions in a traffic accident Motor vehicle crash involves three types of collisions: vehicle collision, human collision with car, and internal organs against the body collision. Being aware of the three collisions and understanding the dangers allows occupants to understand where and how their injuries occur. 22. Car versus Bicycle Block 4 Study Guide Injuries caused by; 1) vehicle contacting the bicyclist, 2) bicyclist hitting the vehicle, 3) bicyclist hitting the ground. 23. Coup-contrecoup brain injury A coup injury occurs on the brain directly under the point of impact. A contrecoup injury occurs on the opposite side of the brain from where the impact occurred. Coup and contrecoup injuries are a type of traumatic brain injury that results in the bruising of the brain. 24. Decompression sickness Bubbles of gas (nitrogen) obstruct the blood vessels. When a diver descends, nitrogen being breathed dissolves in the blood/tissues due to the increasing amount of pressure. When ascending, external pressure is decreased and the nitrogen dissolves into bubbles within the tissue. This is similar to an air embolism. 25. Air bags Decrease the severity of deceleration injuries and decrease injury to chest, face, and head. 26. How does headrest prevent whiplash-type injuries? Decreases extension of the head and neck during a crash. 27. Aorta, artery, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, inferior and superior vena cava Aorta: The main artery that receives blood from left ventricle and delivers it to all other arteries that carry O2 rich blood throughout the body. Arteries: A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Arterioles: Smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries Capillaries: Small blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules Venules: Small, thin blood vessels that connect to the veins. Veins: Blood vessels that carry blood from the tissue to the heart. Inferior vena cava: O2 poor blood from the lower body (pelvis, abdomen, legs). Superior vena cava: O2 poor blood from upper body and extremities(head, neck, chest, arms). 28. Ascent emergencies Air Embolism: The diver holds their breath during a rapid ascent. Lung air pressure is high while external chest pressure decreases, causing air to expand rapidly in the lungs and rupturing the alveoli. Happens on immediate return to surface. Decompression Sickness: On ascent, nitrogen absorbed in the blood dissolves, causing the same effects as an air embolism. Effects not felt after several hours. Block 4 Study Guide 29. Wound healing process This is to maintain homeostasis or balance. First, is cessation of blood, which is the loss of blood and O2 and nutrients which interferes with homeostasis. This is where coagulants and platelets work together to stop the bleeding. Second, it the inflammatory phase, which is where more cells go to the wound to repair and white blood cells begin to combat bacteria and pathogens, along with histamines. Next is the creation of new cells and rebuilded blood vessels in order to bring O2 and nutrients to the wound. The last stage is the formation of collagen, the tissue that closes the wound. 30. Risk factors for pulmonary embolism Risk Factors: Trauma, Cancer, history of blood clots, history of heart disease, pacemaker, central venous catheter, paralyzed extremities, obesity, recent surgery (especially on lower extremities), recent hospitalization for a medical illness. 31. Silent heart attack This is ischemia. But has little to no symptoms. There is decreased blood flow to the heart, causing a blockage of blood through the coronary arteries. This deprives the heart of O2 and nutrients. 32. Dementia, delirium Dementia: Slow onset of progressive deterioration, shortened attention span, and loss of cognitive function. (Chronic) Delirium: Sudden change in mental status, consciousness, or cognitive processes, marked by an inability to focus , think logically, and maintain focus. (Acute) 33. Falls A fall from more than 20ft is considered significant. Patient sustains internal injuries as when the body hits the ground, the internal organs are suddenly decelerated causing them to crash in the body. This is similarly seen in motor vehicle crashes. Factors to consider are the height of the fall, the type of surface struck, the part of the body hit first, and the path of energy displacement. 34. Perfusion The circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells’ current needs for oxygen, nutrients, and waste removal. 35. Organs that require constant perfusion vs organs that can tolerate extended periods of time without perfusion. Heart: Requires constant perfusion to function Lungs: lungs can survive 15-20 min. w/out perfusion Kidneys: can last to 45 mins until damage occurs Skeletal muscle: Damage not seen until after 2-3 hours. GI tract: can last longer than skeletal muscle Block 4 Study Guide 36. Significant Mechanisms of injury Pg. 852 Death of an occupant in a vehicle, Severe deformity of vehicle, Ejection from vehicle, from front/rear/lateral collisions. 37. Cincinnati prehospital stroke scale Measures facial droop, arm drift, and slurring speech 38. At what temperature can an organ or tissue resist damage from hypoperfusion Less than 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37.0 degrees Celsius) 39. GCS Glascow Coma Scale Eyes measures 1-4, motor control 1-6, verbal response 1-5 40. Functions of the brain stem Controls all necessary functions for life. (respiration, cardiac blood flow, regulation of consciousness) 41. Infant will show signs of shock with as LITTLE as how much blood loss (Pg. 883)? 3-6 oz(100-200 mL) of blood loss or less than half the volume of a 12 oz (350 mL) similar to a can of soda. 42. Kidney Located in the peritoneal space, filters waste and fluid from the blood and into urine. Have large quantities of blood. When injured, hematuria (blood in urine) can take place. 43. Chronic Renal Failure Longstanding disease of the kidneys leading to renal failure. The kidneys filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. As kidneys fail, waste builds up. 44. *Most important treatment for a patient with severe abdominal pain and signs of shock is rapid transport. Rapid transport, keep warm, high flow O2 via NRM or BVM. 45. How can sweat be an effective cooling mechanism on the body When sweat evaporates, the body cools down. 46. Shivering is lost at what temperature 90℉ (32.2℃) Block 4 Study Guide 47. Body protective mechanisms against heat loss -Blood vessels constrict (blue lips/fingertips), blood shunting -Shivering -Rapid breathing & heart rate 48. Pulmonary Embolism and associated risk factors Blood clot that occurs in the pulmonary circulation and blocks the flow of blood through the pulmonary vessels. Can prevent blood from being pumped from the right side of the heart to the left. Can lead to a backup of blood in the right ventricle. Risk factors: sedentary lifestyle, obesity, blood clotting disorders, cancer or chemotherapy (past or present), pregnancy, smoking cigarettes, taking birth control, heart disease, high blood pressure, >60yo, recent injury or trauma, surgery, broken bone 49. Osteoporosis Decrease in bone mass, leading to reduction of bone strength. Weak, brittle bones. Greater susceptibility to fracture. Progressive disease, common in postmenopausal women. 50. Blood thinning medications and the affects they have on the body Anticoagulants and antiplatelets include: Aspirin, Clopidogrel (Plavix), Dipyridamole (Persantine), Prasugrel (Effient), Ticagrelor (Brilinta), Vorapaxar (Zontivity), Apixaban (Eliquis), Dabigatran (Pradaxa), Edoxaban (Savaysa), Fondaparinux (Arixtra), Heparin (Fragmin, Innohep, and Lovenox), Rivaroxaban (Xarelto), Warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven) Keep the blood from clotting/prevent new clots from forming. 51. Shunt Tube that drains excess CSF from the brain to another part of the body outside the brain. Lowers pressure in the brain. 52. Melena, hematemesis, hemoptysis, hematuria Melena: black, foul smelling, tarry stool containing digested blood Hematemesis: vomit blood Hemoptysis: coughing up blood Hematuria: blood in urine 53. D.R.G.E.R.M Abdominal assessment: Distention, rigidity, guarding, eviscerations, rebound tenderness, pulsating masses 54. Rebound tenderness Pain when pressure is removed 55. Last vital sign to change from compensated to decompensated shock Block 4 Study Guide Blood pressure 56. Temporary and permanent cavitation Temporary: injury result stretching of the tissues that occurs with pressure changes Permanent: injury results closer to bullet path where the pressure fluctuations are greatest & remains after the projectile has passed through the tissue 57. Non trauma patient early indicators of internal bleeding Abdominal tenderness, guarding, rigidity, pain, distention, dizziness, faintness, weakness, hematemesis, melena 58. External bleeding control (direct pressure, pressure dressing, and tourniquet) Direct pressure: fastest, stops flow of blood and permits normal coagulation Pressure dressing: maintain firm pressure, cover and wrap the wound in sterile dressing, check for pulse; never remove dressings - add onto it if needed Tourniquet: used for substantial bleeding, apply above wound (proximal) 59. Hemostatic agents and where they should be used on a bleeding patients Chemical compound that slows or stops bleeding by assisting clot formation, primarily used in the military; come in granular powder or gauze that is impregnated with a clay substance. Can be used in conjunction with direct pressure, or on wounds where tourniquet placement is impossible (ex: chest wound) 60. Causes of nosebleed Skull fracture, facial injuries, sinusitis, high bp, coagulation disorders, digital trauma (nose picking) 61. Rules of nine/rules of palm Block 4 Study Guide Rule of nines: Estimate the extent of a burn by dividing the body into sections, each representing approximately 9% of the total body surface area. ● ● The proportions differ for infants, children, and adults. When you calculate the extent of burn injury, include only partial- and full-thickness burns. Document superficial burns, but do not include them in the body surface area estimation of extent of burn injury. Rule of Palm: Estimate the surface area that has been burned by comparing it to the size of the patient’s palm, which is roughly equal to 1% of the patient’s total body surface area. 62. Superficial (first-degree) burns, Partial-thickness (second-degree) burns, Full-thickness (thirddegree) burns Superficial: involves top layer of skin (epidermis). Skin turns red but does not blister or burn through the top layer (ex: sunburn) Partial-thickness: involve epidermis and some portions of the dermis. Does not destroy the entire thickness of the skin nor is the subcutaneous layer injured. Skin is moist, mottled, white to red, blistered. Intense pain. Full-thickness: extends through all skin layers & may involve subcutaneous layers, muscle, bone, or internal organs. Burned area is dry, leathery, white, dark brown, or charred. Some feel hard to the Block 4 Study Guide touch. Clotted blood vessels or subcutaneous tissue may be visible under burned skin. Nerve endings may be destroyed. 63. Classification of burns in adults Pg. 925 Severe ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Burns with respiratory compromise Full-thickness circumferential (all the way around) burns Partial-thickness burns covering more than 30% of TBSA. Burns with associated trauma, such as fractures Full-thickness burns to the airway, hands, face, feet, or genitalia. Full-thickness burns covering more than 10% of the TBSA. All moderate burn criteria for patients under 5 or 55 years of age. Moderate ● ● ● Full-thickness burns covering 2% to 10% of TBSA Partial-thickness burns covering 15% to 30% of TBSA Superficial burns covering more than 50% TBSA Minor ● ● ● Full-thickness burns covering less than 2% of TBSA. Partial-thickness burns covering less than 15% of TBSA. Superficial burns covering less than 50% TBSA 64. Classifications of burns in infants and children Pg. 927 Severe ● ● Any full-thickness burn Partial-thickness burns covering more than 20% of TBSA. Moderate ● Partial-thickness burns covering 10% to 20% of TBSA Minor ● Partial-thickness burns covering less than 10% of TBSA. 65. Electrical Burns Can occur from contact with high- or low-voltage electricity. For electricity to flow, there must be a complete circuit between the source and the ground. ● ● Insulator: any substance that prevents this circuit from being completed Conductor: any substance that allows a current to flow Block 4 Study Guide Burn injury appears where the electricity enters and exits the body. Entrance wounds are small relative to the amount of internal tissue damage. Two dangers specifically associated with electrical burns: ● ● A large amount of deep tissue injury Cardiac or respiratory arrest from the electric shock Management ● ● ● ● ● If indicated, begin CPR on the patient and apply an AED. Be prepared to defibrillate if necessary. Give supplemental oxygen and monitor. Treat soft-tissue injuries with dry, sterile dressings. Provide prompt transport. 66. Laceration, Incision, amputation, avulsion laceration- a deep, jagged cut on the skin incision- a sharp, smooth cut in the skin amputation- an injury in which part of the body is completely severed avulsion- an injury in which soft tissue is torn completely loose or is hanging as a flap 67. Occlusive dressing An occlusive dressing is a non-permeable dressing, which means that no air or moisture can penetrate in or out, protecting wounds from bacteria, air or other liquids. 68. What happens to the skin when its exposed to a cold environment? your skin will appear pale and hard with a waxy appearance. Other symptoms include: burning sensation and swelling that can last for weeks, blisters and black scab-like crusts that develop weeks after exposure to extreme cold. 69. Sclera, cornea, retina, conjunctiva, eyeball aka globe Sclera- part of the eye commonly known as the white. it forms the supporting wall of the eye and is continuous with the clear cornea. Cornea- transparent front part of the eye, counting for ⅔ of the eyes optical power Retina- the light sensitive area of the eye where images are projected; a layer of cells at the back of the eye that changes the light image into electric impulses, which are carried by the optic nerve to the brain. Conjunctiva- the delicate membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the exposed surface of the eye. Block 4 Study Guide Globe- the eyeball 70. Mastoid process, mandible, zygoma, cricoid cartilage, maxillae Mastoid process- the prominent bony mass at the base of the skull, about 1inch posterior to the external opening of the ear. Mandible- lower jaw bone, largest and strongest bone in the skull. Zygoma- bony arch of the cheek formed by the connection of the temporal bones and zygomatic 71. Treatment for small and large foreign bodies in the eye Small- if it's on the surface of the eye, irrigate using normal saline solution, flushing from the nose-side of the eye toward the outside. Large- if gentle irrigation does not work, and it is on the surface of the eyelid, you can remove it with a moist sterile cotton-tipped applicator. both- if a foreign body is stuck to the cornea do not attempt to remove. These must be removed by a physician. You must stabilize the object by bandaging the object in place to support it. Cover the eye with a moist sterile dressing and surround object with a donut shaped collar made from rolled gauze or a small gauze pack. 72. Detached retina signs and symptoms sudden appearance of many floaters, flashes of light, gradual reduced peripheral vision, tunnel vision, blurred or disturbed vision, curtain like shadow over visual field 73. Cushing Triad hypertension, bradycardia, irregular respirations such as cheyne stokes respirations and biot respiration. 74. Most reliable sign of a head injury? clear fluid leaking from the nose or ears, altered consciousness or a period of unconsciousness, skull deformities, vision changes, bruised eyes and ears, nausea and vomiting 75. Proper backboarding steps 1.apply and maintain manual cervical stabilization. assess distal functions in all extremities 2.apply cervical collar 3.rescuers kneel on one side of the PT and place hands on the far-side of the PT. 4.on command, rescuers roll the PT toward themselves, quickly examine back, slide backboard under the PT, and roll the PT onto the backboard. 5.center the PT on the backboard. 6.secure the upper torso first. Block 4 Study Guide 7.secure the pelvis and upper legs 8.begin to secure the PT’s head using a commercial immobilization device or rolled towels 9.place tape across the PT’s forehead to secure the immobilization device. 10.check all straps and readjust as needed. Reassess distal functions in all extremities. 76. Epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hematoma epidural hematoma- accumulation of blood between the skull and dura-mater subdural hematoma- accumulation of blood beneath the dura-mater but outside the brain subarachnoid hemorrhage- bleeding into the subarachnoid space where the CSF circulates intracerebral hematoma- bleeding within the brian tissue (parenchyma) itself 77. Cerebral contusion vs cerebral concussion Concussion- temporary loss or alteration of part or all of the brain’s ability to function without actual physical damage to the brain Contusion- a bruise of the brain and its associated with bleeding and swelling from injured blood vessels 78. CSF and its functions Cerebrospinal fluid acts as a shock absorber, by providing a fluid buffer and thus protecting the brain from injury. It provides neutral buoyancy that prevents the brain from compressing the blood vessels and cranial nerves against the internal surface of the bones of the skull. 79. Activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic- releases two hormones within the body in response to stress, resulting in an “adrenaline rush”, or sense of urgency that occurs during stressful conditions. Parasympathetic- our body’s naturally evolved system for switching off the “threat response” that is related to the sympathetic nervous system and its activation 80. Sensory and motor nerves Sensory- nerves that carry sensation, such as touch, taste, smell, heat/cold, pain from the body to the CNS. Motor- nerves that carry information from the CNS to the muscles of the body. 81. What’s contained within the mediastinum? heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchi, and esophagus. 82. Functions of the intercostal muscle (External and internal intercostal muscles) help form and move the chest wall, mainly involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing. These muscles help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity to facilitate breathing. Block 4 Study Guide 83. Phrenic nerve The phrenic nerve is a mixed motor/sensory nerve which originates from the C3-C5 spinal nerves in the neck. The nerve is important for breathing because it provides exclusive motor control of the diaphragm, the primary muscle of respiration. 84. Treatment for blunt chest trauma DCAP BTLS, high flow O2, ABC’s, c-spine, auscultate lung sounds, transport 85. Flail chest and paradoxical movement Flail chest- a life threatening medical condition that occurs when a segment of the rib cage breaks due to trauma and becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall. Two symptoms of flail chest are, chest pain and shortness of breath. Paradoxical movement- the motion of the portion of the chest wall that is detached in a flail chest; the motion-in during inhalation, out during exhalation- is exactly the opposite of normal chest wall motion during breathing. 86. Traumatic asphyxia and EMT treatment patterns of injuries seen after a severe force is applied to the chest, forcing blood from the great vessels back into the head and neck. EMT Tx- provide ventilation support with supplemental o2 and monitor PT’s vitals as you provide immediate transport. 87. Peritonitis irritation, inflammation or possible infection of peritoneum, which is a membrane that covers the abdomen. When not treated leads to lieus, which is paralysis of the smooth muscle that helps push food through the intestines. This will cause incontinence and abdominal distention from retained gas and feces. Risks blood pus bile or fluid in the abdomen. 88. Mesentery? (Dbl fold) Fold of a membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and holds it in place. (Stores fat) allows blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to supply the intestines. 89. How to properly wear a seat belt Below anterior superior iliac spines of the pelvis and against the hip joints (belt line) 90. Treatment for pelvic and hip injuries with the usage of a scoop stretcher To prevent further damage and causing life threatening bleeds use caution when splinting. Monitor bandage tightness. If bleeding can’t be controlled, apply a tourniquet promptly Watch for hypotension 91. Neurovascular bundle Block 4 Study Guide A neurovascular bundle is a structure that binds nerves and veins (and in some cases arteries and lymphatics) with connective tissue so that they travel in tandem through the body. (Vascular Supply to thoracic wall) 92. Most commonly fracture bone in the body Clavicular Fracture 93. Femoral shaft fracture treatment and blood loss could use traction splint; can lose blood fast (500to 1000 mL); place a dry sterile dressing and apply pressure. If an open femur fracture, more blood loss possible 94. Colles Fracturefractures of the distal radius common in older patients with osteoporosis “silver fork deformity” 95. Position of function for injuries to the arm and legs Regarding fractures when you splint sling. And swathe. Joints should be in neutral position, closest to anatomical if possible *DONT FORCE FRACTURES INTO PLACE* 96. Atrophy Degradation of the muscle as a result of disease and or trauma. Also a result in healthy individuals from not using it* if ya don’t use it ya lose it. Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle -Skeletal Muscle is voluntary and striated. It’s attached to the bone and usually crosses at least one joint Cardiac muscle is involuntary and only found in heart 97. Best place to asses a patients temperature as an EMT Abdomen with back of hand (Figure 31-1, P.1144) 98. Hypothermia thermometer- Rectal Thermomenter that detects low temperatures 99. Characteristics of systemic hypothermia Pg. 1144 table 32-1… Mild Hypothermia: (>93.2 deg F), Core Temp=95-93F Moderate Hypothermia (93.2 deg. F, 86.0 deg F), Core Temp=92deg F- 89 & 88 deg F-80 deg F Severe Hypothermia (<86 deg F), Core Temp= <80 deg F 100. 101. Sweating and loss of electrolytes How does diuretics increase heat related emergencies? Loss of essential electrolytes in the cells lost through sweating. 102. What factors would affect pulse oximetry reading? Systolic BP below 80, inadequate perfusion.