Global History Study Guide

GLOBAL HISTORY STUDY GUIDE ❖ NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION AND EARLY CIVILIZATIONS ➔ RIVER VALLEYS: - Provided fertile soil - Sites of early settlement started there - Water for agriculture and health - THE FERTILE CRESCENT: an area of fertile land in the Middle East, extending around the Rivers Tigris and Euphrates in a semicircle From Israel to the Persian Gulf where the first Civilizations flourished - IRRIGATION: the artificial application of water to land to assist in the production of crops ➔ DIFFERENT RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS - EGYPT- by the Nile river (3000 BCE) - ANCIENT CHINA- by the Huang He river. Used TERRACE FARMING: a method of cutting terraces into the mountains to create flat land for agriculture since China was very mountainous (1700 BCE) - HARAPPA AND MOHENJO DARO: By the Indus River Valley. An early civilization with indecipherable (can’t translate)written language and advanced technology in 1700 BCE - MESOPOTAMIA: “the land between two rivers” (Tigris and Euphrates rivers) part of the Fertile Crescent ➔ CODE OF HAMMURABI (1700 BCE)- first written laws and named after the Babylomian King ➔ NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION:10,000 BCE Humans transition From hunting and gathering to agriculture ➔ AGRICULTURE: the practice of Farming and cultivation of crops ➔ DOMESTICATION: To train or adapt and animal or plant to live in a human environment and be of use to humans ➔ SURPLUS OF FOOD- more food than is needed to support the population ➔ POPULATION GROWTH- Surplus of food= more people ➔ PALEOLITHIC ERA- “Old Stone Age” time when early humans were nomadic hunter and gatherers ➔ NOMADS- people who move from place to place with no permanent place to stay ➔ HUNTER GATHERERS- people who move place to place to hunt animals and gather plants ❖ CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS ➔ ISLAMIC EMPIRE - Based on the Monothestic religion callled Islam - Islam means to submit - Founder: MUHAMMAD who had knowlege of Judaism, Chrisitanityb and Bedouin Beliefs - Main texts: KORAN (Qur’an) told to Muhammad by the angel Gabriel - Main sects (sections) are SUNNI and SHIA who had a disagreement between who should succeed Muhammad - Muhammad and his followers wanted to conquer the land for Muslims - They had Large areas of conquest, strong warriors, united in belief, treat conquered people fairly - SHARIA: Islamic Law based on the Koran - Laws and the government were all connected with religion - Had SOCIAL MOBILITY but tax on non Muslims - Women were protected under law,had inheritance rights, rights to choose a husband and possibility for education - UMAYYAD DYNASTY (caliphate) 661-750 CE: Expand territory of Empire and set up an Initial bureaucracy - ABBASID DYNASTY 750-860 CE: second of the great Islamic Dynasties whose rule is considered the Golden Age of Islam. They overthrew the Umayyad Dynasty, create a strong central government and economy and gave Muslims more rights - ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE: Diverse Culture, Focussed on education, Math, Science, Algebra, Medicine, Art and Education, and Study abd translate Greek and Roman Works - Created Mosaics and banned painting pictures of people ➔ INDIA - MAURYA EMPIRE 321 BCE-185 BCE- The first dynasty to unite most of the Indian peninsula. - CHANDRAGUPTA MAUYRA: conquer large areas and established a bureaucracy - ASHOKA: Indian Emperor of Mauryan DYnasty ruled 269 BCE- 2520 BCE: convert India into Buddhism And reform government and laws. Established Centers of learning and trade throughout empire - EDICTS OF ASHOKA: laws and moral ideas that were written and spreaded throughout the empire. - GUPTA DYNASTY 320 CE-550 CE DYnasty ruling the Indian peninsula, social and political structure influenced by Hinduism - CASTE SYSTEM: social hierarchy dividing people into groups which they are born into and can never leave - Patriarchal society ➔ EARLY CHINA - River HUANG HE (Yellow RIver) - SHANG DYNASTY 1600 BCE-1027: united under one ruler and had oracle bones (evidence of writing) - ZHOU DYNASTY 1027 BCE-221 BCE: longest ruling dynasty of CHina that established many of the structures adopted by later dynasties - MANDATE OF HEAVEN: Political philosophy that power was given to the leaders by a divine source - The Zhou Dynasty gave land to their supporters and developed silk and made the silk trade - WARRING STATES PERIOD (475-221 BCE) DIfferent states were fighting for Centralized control and lead to a period of Instability - QIN DYNASTY: 221-206 BCE: They established a ba strong central government based on legalism - LEGALISM: a Political philosophy that people need to be controlled and they way to control them is through power of the government and strict punishments - SHI HAUNGDI:”first emperor”. Created National Coins, Repared Canals and roads and started the built of the GREAT WALL ➔ MACEDONIA, ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR - MACEDONIA: known to be the barbaric Northern Polis if greece - PHILIP II: KIng of Macedonia that ruled from 359-336BCE. He changed the military (they have less armor and moire calvary and catapults) But got assassinated in 336 BCE - ALEXANDER THE GREAT: son of Phillip II and took after when he died. Great conqueror - LEAGUE OF CORINTH: A league to control Alexander’s newly conquered states - Alexander the great controlled the entire persian empire - AFter he died with no successor his empire fell - HELLENISM: Greek + Persian + Egyptian Culture - CULTURAL DIFFUSION: Due to controlling many ethnic groups Alexander The Great caused Cultural diffusion throughout his empire. Cultural diffusion is when cultures and traditions are spreaded through trade and conquest and dazed to create a new culture - PELOPONNESIAN WAR: War between the Delian League (ATHENS)and Peloponnesian League (SPARTA) over the dispute of the small colony (CORCYRA). Athens surrenders in 404 BCE Sparta controls Athens causing both Athens and Sparta became weakened ➔ AFRICAN TRADING KINGDOMS - GHANA (800-1000 CE): farming villages united to create the kingdom made wealthy by gold. Women worked in businesses and muslim merchants brought their religion and iseas and gained power in the government - MALI (1200-1400 CE): A huge territorial empire that flourished in west africa during the 13th and 14th century/ They conquered Ghana - MANSA MUSA- strong ruler Of the Mahliwho extended boundaries and converted to Islam - SONGHAI (1450-1600)-argest Muslim dynasty in West Africa and controlled Timbuktu. Often traded with europe ❖ ➔ BYZANTINE EMPIRE An Empire in the southeastern Europe and Asia Minor formed from the Eastern part of the Fallen Roman empire - Constantinople is their capital and trading city - Preserved Roman Culture ➔ JUSTINIAN 527-565 CE - CODE OF JUSTINIAN: revision of the Old Roman law system. All laws are based on Christianity - HAGIA SOPHIA: famous church built in the 500s with different architectural styles ➔ ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN CHURCH: Christian sect that split from the Roman Church In 1054 - First division of the Christian church - Had a huge influence on government - Influenced Russia - Called Caesar “Czars” ❖ MONGOL EMPIRE ➔ The Mongols were Nomadic Herders in Central Asia ➔ GHENGHIS KHAN- Born in the 110s, Ghenghis Khan was the leader of the Mongols and unified the Mongol tribes. Ghenghis Khan means world emperor ➔ The Monghol empire was the largest contiguous empire ever in history ➔ WHY DID THEY SUCCEED? - Had organized and disciplined armies - Has skilled horseman and bowmen - Developed the stirrup - Cannons (borrowed from other civilizations) - Conquest was very violent - Tolerant as rulers - Conquered people had to pay money ➔ TRAVEL IN THE MONGOL EMPIRE - Unified Empire allowed for easier, safer travel - PAX MONGOLICA: Mongol golden age - SILK ROAD: maintained and protected during this time period and caused an increase in trade - MARCO POLO: Italian who went to china in the late 1200s and introduced China to Europe - IBN BATTUTA: Moroccan who traveled through the Middle East, to China and then to Spain. Early 1300s ➔ KUBLAI KHAN: Grandson of Ghenghis Khan who conquers the SONG DYNASTY and creates the YUAN DYNASTY ➔ YUAN DYNASTY: 1271-1368: Dynasty in China made up of Monghol leaders - Leadership positions were only given to Mongol - people start to resent Mongol leadership ➔ DECLINE OF MONGOL EMPIRE - Their Naval Fleet destroyed in attempting to invade Japan in 1247 and 1281 - It was a too large of an area to be controlled - Good conquers but not good leaders (had people control for them) - Death of Strong leaders made strong control start to fall apart ❖ TANG AND SONG DYNASTY (tang 618-907) (song (960-1279 CE) ➔ Got invaded by the Mongols ➔ The TANG and the SONG Dynasties brought - CIVIL SERVICE EXAMS: A test to place you in a certain position - Strict Hierarchy (Gentry having the most power) - Allowed Chinese culture to spread through trade (Japan) and its tributary states (Vietnam, Korea and Tibet) ➔ TANG GOLDEN AGE: - land distributed equally among citizens in exchange for taxes to the government - More food productions and better technology - SILK ROAD TRADE: got salts, spirits, tea medicine textile and silver, shipbuilding, whiye priceline and tea leaf processing crafts also has sprouted - Education increased ➔ SONG GOLDEN AGE: - Increased in food production (different variety of rices) - Inventions: Moveable typewriter, Mechanical Clock, Gunpowder, new mathematical ideas and Compass ❖ JAPAN ➔ GEOGRAPHY: An Archipelago and mountainous ➔ EARLY JAPAN: society was separated into clans with separate rulers ➔ SHINTO: way of the gods”. Japanese Religion that focuses on nature ➔ YAMATO CLAN (500 CE): conquered the largest island and Yamato claimed he was a descendent from the sun god and must be Emperor of Japan. Being an emperor means that you are worshipped like a god ➔ HEIAN PERIOD: 700s -1000s. Chinese influence was strong in Japan. Adopted Buddhism and Confucianism ➔ FEUDAL JAPANS: the central government starts to decline and a caste system sprouts with real power that goes into the Shoguns ➔ TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE 1603-1868: ruling dynasty of Japan with a strong central government and brought peace between fighting warlords and economic prosperity ➔ In 1638 japan became ISOLATED from the World ❖ AMERICAS ➔ TEOTIHUACAN (OLMECS) - “City of the gods” 1st and largest major city in MesoAmerica from 100-750CE - 2000,000 inhabitants - 2 main temples- TEMPLE OF SUN and TEMPLE OF MOO ➔ MAYAN CIVILIZATION - Known for its hieroglyphic handwriting - CIties were just abandoned and no one knows why - Had a polythiestic (many gods) as their religion. Would elaborate rituals and make human sacrifice to appease gods - They were a group of city- states (independent state consisting of city and surrounding lands) that was built around a central pyramid - Ruled by a kind/ chief who claimed they were divine - Mostly men and occasionally women were there - Influenced by Olmecs ➔ INCA CIVILIZATION - Inca empire was located in South America in the Andes Mountains from 1100s CE1530sb CE - Did terrace farming similar to the chinese in the mountains - Their Emperor has full control over people and was seen as a god-king - They built their civilization based on war. They often conquered people with the same language as them - They were great builders - QUIPU- A system of knotted strings used by the Inca to keep records of their people ➔ TENOCHTITLAN - Place of the Prickly Pear Cactus - An arid desert hosting the Aztec Empire in present-day Mexico City - LEGEND: they saw an eagle on a cactus holding a snake in Lake Texcoco - CHINAMPAS: the city was built on Chinampas or rafts from reeds and covered with dirt - Had a polythiestic religion. Their chief god was the SUN GOD(HUITZILOPOCHTLI) and appeased him with human sacrifice - Economy was based on agriculture and most people were farmers and merchants - Slaves could own land and buy freedom - Men are the warriors while women wove textiles, raised children, inherit property and enter contracts ❖ PREROYAL POWER IN EUROPE ➔ MIDDLE AGES: Time period in European history between the fall of Rome in 476CE and the beginning of the Italian Renaissance in the 15th century ➔ FEUDALISM: A Political and economic system which land was granted by a landowner to a person in exchange for military service or other duties ➔ BLACK DEATH: Caused by poor hygiene, increased trade, and Increased interaction from the Mongol Empire and Crusades, a plague known as the Black Death spreaded from China in 1933 to Messina Italy in 1347. The outbreak ends in the 1800s ➔ CRUSADES a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims over the Holy land Jerusalem in the 11th, 12th and 13th Centuries ➔ COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION: 16th-18th century where Europeans expand on trade, start colonization, mercantilism and capitalism: help end the system of feudalism after the Crusades and led to the development of towns and cities ➔ RENAISSANCE: a period in european history known as the rebirth after the middle ages where cultural, artistic, economic and political ideas flourished within the 14th to 17th century ➔ HUMANISM:a key Renaissance idea focusing and celebrating the individual human being, promote secularism rather than religion ➔ MARTIN LUTHER: a German Monk who criticized the Roman Catholic Church in the 95 Theses. Caused Protestatant Reformation ➔ PROTESTANT REFORMATION (against the roman Catholic Church): provided European leaders an new opportunity to build large armies and increase their wealth through taxing people ➔ GROWING MIDDLE CLASS: allied with the king who offered them greater stability against nobles ➔ SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION:A major change in European thought, starting in the kid 1500s in which the study of the natural world began. Used observation, reasoning and questioning to create hypotheses ➔ AGE OF EXPLORATION: was a period from the early 15th century to the 17th century where Europeans travelled to the New world to search for new trading routes and spread religion. (God, Glory and Gold) ➔ MERCANTILISM: Economic/Political system where the mother country gains wealth and power from their colonies. They get to control their natural resources and raw materials so they can profit from them. In addition the mother country limits imports and increase exports so they can always benefit economically ❖ ENLIGHTENMENT ➔ The Enlightenment or the age of the reason refers to an important movement in Europe during the 18th century ➔ Enlightenment thinkers believed that applying reasoning, scientific laws people could better understand themselves and nature. They hoped this could improve society. They also questioned the divine right of kings and the power of the Catholic Church ➔ These ideas influenced American and French revolutions, and the Absolute monarchy of Catherine the great ➔ ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS - VOLTAIRE : advocated religious toleration and intellectual freedom - MONTESQUIEU: argued for separation of powers in government as a check against tyranny - ROUSSEAU: believed that the government should be considered the general welfare of the people - ADAM SMITH: argued in favor of laissez-faire or minimal government interventions in the economy (CAPITALISM). Wrote this in his book The Wealth of Nations ❖ ABSOLUTE MONARCHY ➔ ABSOLUTE MONARCHY: a political system in which a country is ruled by a monarch with complete power over the government and its citizens ➔ CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT: a government which controls all aspects of society from a central location or through the national government ➔ DIVINE RIGHT: the king is given his power by god ➔ THOMAS HOBBES: enlightenment thinker who believed that absolute power is the way to maintain order in a society. Wrote the book Leviathan to express this ➔ SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY: Thomas hobbes states that people should forma social contract or agreement with the government where they give up all their rights for the greater good of society ➔ AUTOCRAT: a ruler who has absolute power and insists on complete obedience from others ➔ SOVEREIGN: A supreme ruler possessing ultimate authority ➔ DESPOT: a ruler or other person who whole absolute power typically exercising cruelly\ ➔ ENLIGHTENMENT DESPOT: Absolute rulers who tried to incorporate enlightenment ideas in the government without giving away their power ❖ LIMITED MONARCHY OF ENGLAND ➔ England’s monarchs never were able to secure absolute role ➔ In 1215, The english nobles forced KING JOHN to sign the Magna Carta, guaranteeing that Englishmen could not be fined or imprisoned except according to laws of the land (King can’t arrest people for whatever reason) ➔ Parliament was made as a legislative body made up of nobles in the HOUSE OF LORDS and elected representatives in the HOUSE OF COMMONS. They have the right to approve taxes ➔ THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION (1688)- Political revolution in Great Britain In 1688 that Putt William and Mary on the Throne while Limiting the power of the monarchy and making parliament supreme. This events marks the beginning of a constitutional monarchy in ENgland ➔ THE BILL OF RIGHTS 1689-The bill created a limited monarchy and established Parliament as the ruling body of the nation. ➔ JOHN LOCKE: believed that governments should get their power from the people not from God. The main purpose of the government is to protect people’s alienable rights (LIFE LIBERTY AND PROPERTY). This influenced American and French Revolutions ❖ DIFFERENT ABSOLUTE MONARCHIES ➔ LOUIS XIV - Provided the model of an absolute monarchy to other monarchs - Enforced The KIng’s command was law - Anyone who challenged him was punished - Ro subdue nobles he built a large palace in versailles - Demanded protestants to be Catholic or leave france - Leading nobles must be at the royal court under the King’s eye ➔ PETER THE GREAT (1682-1725) - Absolute ruler (Tsar) of Russia - Modernize Russia by introducing Western ideas, culture and technology - Moved the capital from Moscow to St Petersburg in order to have window of the west - Expanded the russian territory, gained warm water ports and started the process of westernization - Policies and Westernization was continued by his predecessor Catherine the Great (tsarina from 17621796) ➔ THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1453-1918) - Location in Central Asia (present day Syria, Egypt and North Africa) - Conquered Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 and renamed the city Istanbul - Under the leadership of SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT, the Ottoman Empire was the largest in the world and dominated the eastern Mediterranean Sea - The SULTAN was the all powerful ruler of The Ottoman Empire - Recognized cultural diversity by allowing Jews and Christianns the freedom to practice their religion and participate in government - Ottoman control over the crossroads of trade and promoted prosperity and stability ➔ DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE - Ottoman Turks failed to keep up with Western Technology and science - Muslim leaders opposed for change - Lost their territories in Austria and Russia in the 1700s - Serbs greeks and Romanians gained independence from the Ottomans in the early 19th century - Rebellions in the Balkans led to independence of many other Slavic groups in the 1870s - AFter their lost in WW1 the empire started to decline and was divided among European Imperialists (Br and France) ➔ THE MUGHAL EMPIRE (1526-1837) - In 1526, The Mughal Empuiire was founded in India by Muslim Mughals - The most famous Mughal was AKBAR THE GREAT (1542-1605),who promoted policy of religious tolerance - Shah Jahnn, Akbar’s grandson, showed little sympathy for the Hindus and ordered the destruction of many Hindu temples - Shah Jahan ordered the construction of the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wife - The Mughal Empire weakened after the death of Shah Jahan ➔ THE MANCHU (QING) DYNASTY (1644-1912) - In 1644, The Manchus, from the northeast, invaded and conquered China - Manchu rulers brought a period of peace and prosperity to China for the first 50 years of the dynasty - European technology surpassed China as they went through a period of Isolation from the west preventing china from keeping pace with Western advances in industry and science - China’s last dynasty ❖ FRENCH REVOLUTION AND POST REVOLUTION ➔ THREE ESTATES: (First estate or Clergy, Second Estate Nobles and Third estate or Commoners) ➔ BOURGEOISIE (middle class): most important class of the commoners. They resented the nobles with the most privileges and paid the most in taxes. MAJOR CAUSE IN REVOLUTION ➔ LOUIS XVI: absolute monarch that bankrupt france through war and decided to solve that through taxing the nobility however they refused and called for an estate general ➔ ESTATES GENERAL: assembly where each class was estate was represented to decide on decisions for the King. Third estate barely had any say even though they were the majority ➔ NATIONAL ASSEMBLY: The third estate declared this to have a say in their government. When the king demanded for an arrest they seized him in a royal prison known as the Bastille. The king then allowed for them to make the National assembly exist ➔ DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN: proclaims that the government rested on the consent of the people, the privileges of the nobles and clergy was no longer ➔ MOTTO OF FR REVOLUTION: Liberty, Equality and Fraternity ➔ Monarch of other nations attacked France to preserve the divine right theory and not spread ideas of revolution all over the world ➔ REIGN OF TERROR: Radicals gain control of France. MAXIMILLIAN ROBESPEIERRE ordered any traitors, foreign invaders, loyalists should be killed by the King. ended by Robespierre getting killed and moderates took over ➔ END OF REVOLUTION: challenged divine right theory, ended feudal restrictions, incorporate democracy and social equality, became the model for other country revolutions ➔ NAPOLEON BONAPARTE(1769-1821)-came to power at the end of the French Revolution - Became dictator of france - Combined social reforms with absolute monarch (Enlightenment Despot) - Crowned himself emperor five years later - Created a French Empire by defeating all of Europe except England. Caused resentment against him - DOWNFALL: defeated in Russia because of the cold winter. All other European countries combined their powers to overthrow him and brought back the old French royal Family in 1814 - Napoleon tried to recapture the French throne in 1815 but failed at the Battle of Waterloo ➔ POST NAPOLEON: created stability with the code Napoleon which ensured social equality, religious toleration and trial by the jury. Caused the growth of Nationalism and weakened spain to lose their empires in Latin America ➔ NATIONALISM: belief that Each nationality or ethnic group is entitled to its own government and land. The French Revolution encouraged this by spreading the idea that the government should be based on the will of the people ❖ THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA ➔ European Ministers and rulers met at the Congress of Vienna post Napoleon in order to: - Redraw the boundaries of Europe - Restore former rulers and borders - Bring back Europe to what it has been before the French Revolution - Crush or ignore nationalistic feelings - Austria’s Prince Metternich wanted to establish a system called balance of power - BALANCE OF POWER: Europe becomes equal in military strength so no nation may out way the other nation - Greece and Belgium achieved independence in 1830 ❖ LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTION ➔ Colonists resented Mercantilism ➔ Inspired by American And French Revolutions, Latin Americans believed that people were entitled to a government that protected their interests ➔ When Napoleon conquered Spain, Latin Americans had a taste of self government. This caused after Spain gained back their power in Europe, the Latin Americans wanted independence from Spain ➔ TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE:led an uprising of African slaves in 1791 Haiti, forcing France out of Haiti. Haiti became the first Latin American colony to gain independence ➔ SIMON BOLIVAR: defeated The Spanish in 1819 and 1825, liberating Venezuela, Columbia , ecuador, Peru and Bolivia ➔ JOSE DE MARTIN: liberate Argentina and Chile from Spain in 1816 and 1818 ➔ MIGUEL HIDALGO: A priest that began a rebellion which failed against spain in Mexico in 1818. Mexico however achieved independence after in 1821 ➔ POST INDEPENDENCE - Very few democratic governments were established - Unstable dictatorships flourished Through both the 19th century and 20th century - Land and wealth remained with the small elite population - CAUDILLOS: Military leaders that came to power in some countries by force ❖ INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ➔ INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: introduced mass production and the use of new resources and energy. Began in great Britain in 1750 then quickly spread to Europe and The United States ➔ Great Britain had multiple harbors, abundance of coal, located in a good center for trade, got raw materials from their colonies, middle class investors and agricultural improvements that caused workers to move to the factories ➔ NO MORE DOMESTIC SYSTEM (workers working at home) ➔ New inventions: SPINNY JENNY (1764) and STEAM ENGINE (1769) ➔ RAILROADS: built to increase distribution of production and helped improved the economy of country ➔ Faster production led to decrease price goods which led to increase demand thus aiding in making factory workers increase production and admit more people ➔ CONDITIONS WERE BAD! - Long hours, low wages, unsafe working conditions and child labor - Urbanization caused due to large amount of people coming after they replaced by machines in the countryside - Many cities were crowded and unsanitary. Led to outbreaks of Cholera ➔ REFORM MOVEMENTS - Workers unions were formed and threatened to strike if they did not obtain better conditions - Laws were created to limit child labor and female labor, shorter hiyrs and ensure safer conditions ❖ CAPITALISM VS COMMUNISM CAPITALISM - - Created by ADAM SMITH in his book WEALTH OF NATIONS Production were owned by people known as entrepreneurs who organized, manage and be responsible for a business with the goal of making profits Little to no Government control on business policies, workers and business owners and their economy Supply and demand determine price COMMUNISM - - - Also known as MARXISM Communism was created by KARL MARX and FREDERICK EAGLES (1818-1883) as their ideas were published in the COMUUNIST MANIFESTO (1848) Marx believed that society was divided in two the bourgeoisie(Rich factory owners) who exploit and oppress the other group the proletariat (poor workers) Marx visions a violent revolution where workers would rebel and abolish private property causing the end of these class struggles The workers will also form a government which would interfere with every production and business relationship and cause economic equality for everyone ❖ UNIFICATION ➔ ITALY(1859-1869) - Italy was a number of separate small states and nationalists wanted it to be unified in one single country - COUNT CAVOUR: in 1852 became Prime Minister Of the Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardina. Drove the AUstrians put of northern Italy in 1859 - GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI: overthrew the king of Naples in the south In 1860 became a unified kingdom because of this nationalists ➢ GERMANY(1863-1871) - Germany too contained a number of small states - PRUSSIA: largest German state that took lead in uniting Germany because the Prime Minister OTTO VON BISMARK followed the policy of “blood and iron” - BLOOD AND IRON: The ideology to use force to unite the land - With skillful diplomacy and great military power Germany was unified in1871 winning a number of wars - The Prussian king became Kaiser (emperor) of germany and disregarded Bismark ❖ THE GREAT FAMINE ➔ In the 1600s, England conquered Ireland with the English landlords took large estates there ➔ Irish nationalists wanted independence from them ➔ However in 1845-1847 the Irish potato famine sprouted as potatoes were destroyed by a disease ➔ Many Irish either died or emigrated to the United states ❖ RUSSIAN NATIONALISM ➔ TSAR ALEXANDER II: listened to reformers to implement reforms then emancipated serfs in1861. He was assassinated ➔ Later Tsars opposed to his changes and used repression to maintain the social order ➔ The new spirit of nationalism had some effect on Russian rulers ➔ The Russian government acted as a protector to Slav states in the Balkans (countries north of Greece) ➔ RUSSIFICATION: People were forced to adopt to the Russian language, Russian culture and the Rusiian Orthodox Church ➔ Jews in Russia faced state organized riots known as Pogroms ❖ IMPERIALISM ➔ IMPERIALISM: Political and economic Control of one area or country by another ➔ European countries (belgium Germany Italy Britain and France) sought to become colonial empires ➔ NEW TECHNOLOGY: Steamships,rifles, telegraphs, better medicines ➔ AIm to imperialise Africa Asia and the Pacific Nations ➔ WHY IMPERIALISM? Raw materials for the new factories and new markets for trading in these new colonies ➔ BALANCE OF POWER: when one country obtain a new colony other countries began to do the same ➔ SOCIAL DARWINISM: theory that some societies were more successful because their cultures were more superior. Europeans used this as an excuse to imperialize believing they were superior ➔ BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA: - BRITISH EAST INDIAN COMPANY: came to India under the control of the British government. Had gained economic and political control of much of the Indian subcontinent - Brought many changes (railroads,schools and college were built) - SEPOY REBELLION: In 1857 a group of British trained soldiers, known as Sepoys, rebelled against their British officers - The mutiny began when Sepoys (who were of Hindu and Muslim ) were forced to violate their religion when they had to bite off bullet cartrifdges which were greesed with pork and beef fat - The Mutiny spread quickly to cities across north and central India. With the multiple of rebellions taking place, the East India Company was abolished causing the British government to fully control India - The mutiny was put down by British soldiers - The British provided a single system of law and government unifying India under that government and teaching them English - Indian local industries were hurt by British mercantilism. Indian workers had to go through inexpensive labor for long hours under terrible conditions ➔ THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA - Europeans engaged in a Scramble to control Parts of africa - Discovery resources such as gold and diamonds led more Europeans to come imperialize - Major Europeans that conquered africa were France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal and Italy - BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884-1885: because of disputes by those imperial powers, they took a map of Africa and divided it up among each other ❖ CHINA IMPERIALISM GOVERNMENT ➔ THE OPIUM WAR (1839-1842) - The Chinese imperial government tried to stop the British form selling opium from India to China - The Chinese military lacked military technology and was defeated - China was forced to open several treaty ports giving the British new trading privileges - SPHERES OF INFLUENCE- areas of China under British rule. Other imperialist countries obtained their own spheres of influence in China ➔ THE BOXER REBELLION - The Chinese resented the growing foreign influence in their homeland and finally exploded in 1899 - The Chinese group known as the Boxers arose in rebellion in an attempt to drive out all foreigners from China. They were secretly supported by The Chinese Government and hundreds of foreigners were killed. - An internationalist police force, composed of troops from imperialist powers that crushed the Boxer Rebellion but caused the spread of Chinese Nationalism ➔ SUN YIXIAN (SUN YAT SEN) - Nationalist leader in China that gained control of China’s government in 1916 - Introduced policies on the three principles of Democracy, Nationalism and People’s livelihood - Wanted China to establish a representative government, foreign control, strengthened economy that provides for the people - Unfortunately, Sun was never to bring all of China under his control. The power of local military warlords were too great and they continuously rivaled for control of China ❖ JAPAN POST OPENING ➔ The Tokugawa Shoguns had isolated Japan from European trade for two hundred years ➔ The Japanese were forbidden to travel to other countries and foreigners were banned from Japan ➔ Although Isolated Japan had a period of peace and economic growth ➔ In 1853, Commodore MATTHEW PERRY from the US with a naval squadron was sent to japan to stop the mistreatment of mistreated shipwrecked American sailors ➔ The United States also sought to develop new markets and establish a port where americans can get their supplies on their way to China ➔ Fearing what happened to China, Japanese leaders open their ports to American trade and soon The British and Russia and Dutch negotiated to have ports as well ➔ MEIJI RESTORATION (1868-1912) - The Shogun was criticized for opening Japanese ports and the lower samurai overthrew him and suddenly “restored power to the younger emperor, whose ancestors have been figureheads during the feudal period of Japan - EMPEROR MEIJI: Made Japan adopt to Western culture, to avoid future domination by the western powers. Made Foreigners come to modernize the military, establish factories, build railroads and reform schools. Feudalism was abolished and Japan became successfully modernized and westernized. ❖ MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK ➔ SULTAN ABDULHADMID II: ruler of the Ottoman Empire that used the secret police and brutality against potential opponents ➔ ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Ethinc minority that was massacred in turkey from 1894-1896 ➔ Young educated members of the Turkish elite opposed of The Sultan’s Harsh ryle ➔ MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRK: influential member of the young turks. After the Ottaman Empire was divided after their defeat in WW1, Attaturk kept Turkey and overthrew their Sultan. He encouraged industrialization, Westernization, public education and improved treatment of women in the Turkish society. ❖ THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION ➔ PROFIRIO DIAZ: a moderate dictator that ruled Mexico from 1877-1910 who encouraged foreign investment but limited popular liberties. ➔ MEXICAN REVOLUTION: ebgan in 1910 against Diaz’s rule ➔ FRANCISCO MADERO: A wealthy liberal that began the revolt and took over the government. ➔ PANCHO VILLA: Opposed Madero and led a private army in the north ➔ EMILIANO ZEPATA: wanted land redistribution and organized army of peasants in the south ➔ Modero got assassinated and a civil war has followed ➔ AFter a period of confusion, the forces of reform was victorious ➔ RESULTS OF REVOLUTION: large estates are broken up and THE CONSTITUTION OF 1917 led to greater democracy in Mexico ❖ WORLD WAR I ➔ CAUSES - MAIN ( MIlitarism, Alliances, Imperialism , Nationalism) - NATIONALISM: encouraged rivalries among Britain, France Germany, Austriahungary and Russia for land and colonies. New independent nations in the Balkans (Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Albania). Austria Hungary has many different ethnic groups, which wanted their own national states. Serbia hoped to liberate the Serbs from Austrian Rule. - IMPERIALISM: The European powers had competing economic interests for African and Asian colonies which created further tensions among major powers - ALLIANCES: the two grouped allies were Germany and Austria-Hungary (Central powers) VS Russia, France, and Great Britain (Triple Alliance). - MILITARiSM: Glorification of the military. Countries wanted to show off their newly military weapons - In 1914, Austria’s ARCHDUKE FRANCIS FERNIDAD was assassinated by Serb nationalists - Austrians believed Serbs helped the assassins - The alliance system set off a chain reaction and soon all of The major powers were involved ➔ NEW WARFARE AND AMERICA? - Machine guns, poison gas , submarines and airplanes - TRENCH WARFARE: soldiers dug themselves into trenches that extended hundreds of miles protected by barbed wire and machine guns. - LUSITANIA: America didn’t join the war till the sinking of The Lusitania that had multiple American passengers - Russia dropped out of the war in 1917 due to the Bolshevik victory during the Russian Revolution - The United States entered war and lead the victory of the Triple Alliance ➔ THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES (1919) - WOODROW WILSON FOURTEEN POINTS: Wanted Self determination (each nationality would have its own government), freedom of the seas, an end to secret diplomacy and the Creation of the LEAGUE OF NATIONS. - Germany Surrendered and overthrew the Kaiser believing that it would please Wilson - However France and Britain wanted revenge so the final peace treaty had some of the 14 points as well as harsh punishment towards The Central powers especially Germany. - Germany lost territory to France, its overseas colonies and the newly independent nation of Poland. They too lost their navy, had minimized their police force, payed huge amounts of reparations to the Allies causing debt and was forced to accept blame for starting the war - Austria-Hungary was divided into several countries - The Ottaman Empire no longer existed - Turkey emerged as an independent nation from the Ottoman empire - The treaty created the LEAGUE OF NATIONS (first trial at a peacemaking world organization - Was WEAK because the US and Russia didn’t join ❖ RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND SOVIET UNION ➔ RUSSIAN REVOLUTION - There was a STRICT SOCIAL DIVISION because of the authoritarian power the Tsar made. Russian peasants and factory workers lived in poverty and starvation while the rich enjoyed their wealth. - Crisis increased due to the RUSSOJAPANESE WAR increasing poverty and overwork of factory workers because of the money put into those wars - BLOODY SUNDAY: Tsar’s troops fired at a group of peaceful protestors in 1905 - After Tsar Nicholas has brought Russia into WW1 discontent increased. There was more money put into the wars taken from the poor, The Russian army was poorly equipped and poorly trained and German forces cut Russian railroad lines, leaving people without food coming to them - March 1917 Tsar Nicholas II was forced to give up his throne and republic was declared - Provisional government was set up, but it lacked the support of the people when they refused to withdraw from WW1 - THE BOLSHEVIKS: A Marxist revolutionary group that used the slogan “PEACE LAND AND BREAD”. VLADMIR LENIN was the leader of the bolsheviks and helped seize power in November 1917. They changed their name to communits and changed Russia to the UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR) or Soviet Union - Russia became the world’s first COMMUNIST country - A brutal civil war broke out afterwards but the communists won ➔ SOVIET UNION (LENIN) - LENIN withdrew the Soviet Union from WW1 - Million of acres of land were transferred to poorer peasants, while workers control and operate factories - All industries were taken over by the government - In 1921 the Red or Communist army defeated the Whites/capitalists in an uprising - NEW ECONOMIC POLICY(NEP): Policy implemented by Lenin which allowed private ownership but in a small-scale (against communism), manufacturing and agricultural, and the government continued to control major industries ➔ SOVIET UNION (STALIN) - JOSEPH STALIN succeeded Lenin as the leader of the Soviet Union - Stalin eliminate his rivals by accusing them to disloyalty to Communist ideals - TOTALITARIAN STATE: A one party government that controls all aspects of individual life, No freedom of speech or dissent, Censorship, secret police and terroism is used. Stalin turned Russia into a Totalitarian state - PURGES: Stalin’s secret police arrested and executed rivals and people who were against him - GULAGS: enormous slave camps in SIberia for people who got arrested - Stalin used government to control education, the economy, and the arts - Private land was taken away from the peasantry and now were forced to work on COLLECTIVES (farms owned by the government) - HOLODOMER: Stalin refused to feed ukraine causing a large famine after they rejected collectivization - FIVE YEAR PLAN: a set of national goals to turn The Soviet Union into an industrialized nation. All aspects of the economy was controlled by the government and Heavy industries were developed - Stalin was glorified and propagandas of him were everywhere in public ❖ ➔ THE RISE OF FASCISM FASCISM: Political system that appeared in Italy after WW1.Fascists were extreme nationalists, claimed their nation was superior to others, felt like a single national party and must unite all classes, believed that a single allpowerful leader should represent the national will and lead the nation, believed that the strong had a natural right to dominate the weak, opposed unions and strikes, loved violence and prepared to use it when it comes to spreading their nationalism. ➔ The term Fascism shaped other systems such as Nazism in Germany ➔ BENITO MUSSOLINI: first person to use the term Fascism in Italy. In 1922 he seized power in Italy and turned it into the First Fasscist state ➔ ANTI- SEMITISM: Hatred for Jews. this along with racism helped increase the popularity of Fascism in Italy and Germany ➔ Anti semitism and racism was strengthened by the concept of Social darwinism (The claim that one group is stronger than the other), nationalism and imperialism ❖ HITLER AND THE NAZIS IN GERMANY ➔ ADOLF HITLER: - blamed Germany’s humiliation at Versailles on the leaders of the Weimar Republic, - urged Germans to abandon democracy and returned Germany to glory under a strong leadership. - ARYAN RACE (Germans) IS SUPERIOR - Planned to wipe out the Slavic peoples like the Polish to make room for more Germans to control Europe - Believed Jews were an evil race and they jinxed Germany’s lost in WW1 - Saw Communism as a Jewish plot to control the world - Germany’s president appointed hium as chief minister in 1933 after the Nazi party increased rapidly durimng the German great depression. - Acted quickly to secure complete control of Germany. - Secretly ordering the German Parliament building to be set on fire then blamed the communists for it - Rosed to absolute power after a request from the German Parliament - Used his new powers to crush all opposition - ALL POLITICAL PARTIES except nazis were banned - All artistic and intellectual activity was under Naxi control - Called his government the THIRD REICH (Third Empire) and turned it into a totalitarian state - MEIN KAMPF (my struggle): book written by Hitler to highlight his goals of Germany. - THE GESTAPO: Hitler’s secret police who arrested all suspected opponent who were thrown into concentration camps to get mistreated tortured then killed - Jews were thrown out government jobs, lost citizenship, wore yellow stars on their clothes for identification, thrown into concentration camps and special ghettos and banned from marrying Germans. (Hitler didn’t want them to taint the Aryan race) ➔ THE HOLOCAUST - THE HOLOCAUST: attempted genocide (murder of an entire race or ethnic group) of Jews during WW2 - Hitler called this plan the “FINAL SOLUTION” - Large concentration camps were built at Auschwitz and other places where Jews from all over Europe were sent - Many were gassed or got their bodies burned in large ovens - A few were speared to do work - Inmates were starved and subjected to inhumane conditions - Over 6 million Jews,⅔ of Europe's Jew population died in this tragedy - 6 million Gypsies, Slavs, Political Prisoners, ederly and mentally disabled also died in the concentration camps ❖ WORLD WAR TWO ➔ The rise of Fascist dictators in Italy, Germany and elsewhere made the outbreak of war inevitable. They wanted war and laid plans for national expansion ➔ The League Of nations failed to keep peace in Europe ➔ Violating the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler rebuilt army forces, claimed territories that germans lived, annexed Austria, claimed part of Czechoslovakia where there were a large amount of Germans ➔ APPEASEMENT: Granting concessions to an aggressor. British Prime Minister, Chamberlain, met with Hitler in Munich and give in the demands for Hitler to get Czechoslovakia however he must not try to get Poland ➔ NAZI-SOVIET PACT: Hitler made a secret deal to Stalin, to keep the Soviet Union out of the war ➔ Germany invade Poland breaking the agreement he made with Britain causing WW2 ➔ NEW TECHNOLOGY: planes, tanks, motorized troops carriers to advance rapidly into enemy territory. BLITZKRIEG or lightning warfare ➔ In 1940, Germany had controlled most of Western europe- only Britain held out ➔ OPERATION BARBAROSSA: Germany broke the pact and invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. This was the largest German military operation in WW2 ➔ By 1943, The Soviet army began to gradually push back the Germans ➔ Over the next two years, Soviet Soldiers bore the brunt of the fighting with Germany causing over 21 million casualties ➔ END OF WAR IN EUROPE - PEARL HARBOR 1941: Japan attacked an American base in Pearl Harbor - Hitler supporting Japan Declared War on The United States drawing them into WW2 - ALLIED POWERS: Britain, The Soviet Union and The United States - AXIS POWERS: Italy, Germany, and Japan - Allied leader decided to concentrate first in defeating Germany In Europe before going to Japan - In July 1943, Allied forces landed in southern Italy and helped Italians overthrow Mussolini - July 1944, Allied troops invaded northern France on D-day - Within months after, The war went in favor of the Allies - By 1945, Soviet, British, American and French troops occupied Germany and surrendered in may - Hitler escaped prosecution by killing himself - THE NUREMBERG TRIALS: Nazi leaders were tried andconvicted for crimes against humanity at an international court at nuremberg. They revealed to world the full extent of the Nazi atrocities, The trial and conviction of national leaders established the principle that there should be something superior than national laws - CREATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS: After the failure of the League of Nations, The United Nations became known as the new peace-keeping organization. The purpose of the new organization was to maintain peace, eliminate world hunger, disease, ignorance and encourage friendship and cooperation among the nation. They sent forces to engage in peacekeeping in Korea, Cyprus, Congo, Iraq and Bosnia ➔ THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC - Japan began a series of imperialistic attacks on mainland Asia in order to become a world power - SINO JAPANESE WAR (1894-1895): war broke out between China and Japan to control Korea. Japan won - RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR (1904-1905): Japan went to war with Russia in order to win Manchuria (a northern province of China). Japan won - Japan supported the Allies in World War 1- its reward was to get some of colonies germany had in the pacific - SECOND SINO JAPANESE WAR(1931-1939): Japan invade Manchuria and conquer more of China - RAPE OF NANJING: also known as the Nanjing Massacre, the Chinese Holocaust and the forgotten Halocaust, This was the violent 1937-1938 capture of China’s capital city, Nanjing by The Japanese. The horrific violence, including killing and raping, that occured during the overtaking of the city and resulted in about 300,000 deaths of Chinese civilians and soildiers - Japanese leaders had an alliance with Germany and Italy - During WW2 Japan wanted to control of East Asia - The United States opposed Japan and stopped trading withem. In response Japan launched a surprise attack on the US fleet stationed at Pearl Harbor - In 1943,American forces began liberating Pacific Islands From Japanese control - After Germany was defeated, The United States put its full strength against Japan - ATOMIC BOMB AND MANHATTAN PROJECT: The United States had plotted the first secret atomic bomb. They dropped it on the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. Japan then surrendered on August 14, 1945 - DOUGLAS MCARTHER: accepted Japan’s surrender in September 1945 and was sent there to rebuild and reform it back to post war Japan - Important changes were introduced to make Japan, less nationalistic, imperialistic and agressive. - TOKYO TRIALS: leaders responsible for wartime atrocities were put on trial and punished - Japan lost their overseas empires, had only a small defense force, renounced the use of nuclear weapons and removed the emperor from power - Japan became a democracy but the emperor was just a figurehead - Women were given the right to vote ❖ THE COLD WAR ➔ THE COLD WAR: A prolonged conflict between the USA and Soviet Union. They never confronted each other directly in open warfare but had global competition in every conflict to spread their economic system. ➔ USA:Democracy and Capitalism ➔ SOVIET UNION: Totalitarianism and Communism ➔ THE COLD WAR IN EUROPE: - Soviets were more interested in creating a safety zone around their country to prevent it from future attacks post WW2 - THE IRON CURTAIN: Imaginary wall created 1946 that separates the Eastern European Soviets from The Western Capitalists. - Trade and travel from Eastern Europe to Western Europe was Cut off. - Eastern European governments were forced to follow policies dictated by the Soviet Union - In 1947, Communists threatened to take over both Greece and Turkey - TRUMAN DOCTRINE: President Truman (USA) offered to support everyone who wanted to resist communism - CONTAINMENT POLICY: Trying to prevent communism from spreading throughout and contain it in Eastern Europe - MARSHALL PLAN: Gave Western Europe nations billions of dollars to rebuild their economies and resist communism - BERLIN BARRICADE: AFter World War two the allies divided Berlin between each country. The soviet union closed all highways and railroads to Berlin to prevent Western influence - BERLIN AIRLIFT: The allies provided an airlift of supplies to People In Berlin - NATO 1949: The NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) was formed by The USA, Canada and ten Western European Nations to protect Western Europe from Communism. - The Soviet Union responded by forming the WARSAW PACT in 1955 - ARMS RACE: the competitive program of building up the most powerful and having the most abundant of weapons between the United States and The soviet Union - DOMINO THEORY: the ideology that the countries bordering communist nations were in more danger of falling into communism unless something is done to prevent it. - PROXY WAR: a war instigated by a major power but the major power itself doesn’t become directly involved. (Korean and Vietnam War) ➔ THE COMMUNIST REVOLUTION OF CHINA - China became communist in 1949 with Mao Zedong as Leader - CHINESE CIVIL WAR: The Communists battled the Nationalists under the leadership of Chiang Kai-Shek or Jiang Jeishi. Mao Zedong was forced to retreat with his forces in a long March to northwestern china - In 1937 when Japan invaded, there was a pause in the civil war and the communists and Chinese nationalists made a truce to defeat Japan - The Communists were able to win the support from peasants through land reform programs - In 1949, Mao drove chiang and his supporters out of mainland China to Taiwan - TWO CHINAS: Mao’s Communist China and Chiang’s Nationalist China on Taiwan ➔ POST COMMUNIST REVOLUTION CHINA - Mao encouraged a form of revolutionary warfare that would first begin with the countryside and later spread to industrial workers in the cities - All aspects of life were brought under control Of the Communist party - Landowners, factory-owners, village leaders, and better off peasants were considered to be capitalists. AT least one million of them were killed - Education, media, ARt were under direct supervision - Family Authority was replaced by The authority of the Communist Party - THE QUOTATIONS OF CHAIRMAN MAO (the little Red book): All of Mao’s says were published in this book, and Communist party members and students were forced to memorize and praise Mao - GREAT LEAP FORWARD: Five year plan designed to turn China into an industrial powerhouse. Most of China's population was put to work building dams, bridges, roads and factories. The Great Leap Forward Failed however - CULTURAL REVOLUTION: Mao blamed the Chinese elite for the Failure of The great Leap Forward and announced a Cultural Revolution. Mao Closed schools and invited students to gather in Beijing as Red guards. Being a Red Guard Required them to Attack writers, scientists, doctors and professors for abandoning Communist ideals - Scholars and professionals were sent to work as laborers in the fields - China became very disrupted! Mao called out an army to control the Red guards and in 1969 He brought the Cultural Revolution to a close. ➔ DENG XIAOPENG AND ECONOMIC REFORM IN CHINA - China introduced a free market economy gradually without abandoning the Communist Party’s monopoly of Political power - DENG XIAOPING: after the death of Mao, Deng Xiaoping became China’s leader. Deng has opposed Mao’s Cultural Revolution and once in power he set out in making practical reforms. Wanted to Modernize China and reform the economy. He disbanded the communes or state run farms and peasants were allowed to rent former communal lands. (a part of the FOUR MODERNIZATIONS). Productivity increased and China became self sufficient in food ( - China began to produce more consumer goods (technology) - Central planners lost some degree of control to local factory manager - Managers and workers were allowed to sell some of their production to private companies. People were allowed to own small businesses. New laws encouraged foreign investment - While Deng made economic reforms he didn’t make political or social reforms - BEIJING TIANANMEN SQUARE: hundreds of demonstrators were killed by the Chinese Army after peacefully protesting for more freedom and democracy - In 1997, China gained control Of Hong Kong - Deng’s successors have generally continued his policies ➔ THE KOREAN WAR - North Korea was occupied by the Soviet Union at the end of World War 2 and became Communist - In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea - The United States and other member countries of The United Nations intervened and drove the Communist Koreans Back To North Korea - Led By General Douglas MaCarthur, The UN forces invaded North korea. He even hope to invade China to throw out Communism but President Truman fired him - In 1953, a compromise (DEMILITARIZED ZONE) ended the war, dividing korea in North (communism)and south (capitalism) and leaving the same boundary line as before the War ➔ THE VIETNAM WAR - Vietnam was divided into two nations when The French withdrew from IndoChina in 1954 - Nationalist Leader HO CHI MINH created a communists state in North Vietnam, while South vietnam allied with the West - VIET CONG: Southern Vietnamese Communists that launched Guerrilla warfare against the southern Government - America joined to fight against the troops in 1964. They weren't able to defeat the vietCong and in 1974 withdrew from Vietnam Due to an anti-war feelings in The United States - In 1975, South Vietnam fell and the country reunited under Communist control ➔ NIKITA KHRUSHEV - In 1953, Stalin died and Nikita Krushev became the new Soviet Leader - Khrushchev criticize Stalin’s brutality for killing millions of Soviet Citizens - DESTALINIZATION: Trying to get rid of the Memory of Stalin - Hungarian leaders threatened to leave The Warsaw pact in 1956, Soviet troops were sent into Hungary - Popular demonstration In soviet satellites were brutally repressed by Soviet troops - BERLIN WALL: A Number of people From East Germany were escaping to the West. The Soviet Union created a wall between Eastern Germany and Western Germany to prevent people from escaping. Became the symbol representing The Cold War ➔ FIDEL CASTRO AND REVOLUTION IN CUBA - Widespread poverty In Latin America caused many countries to want communism - In 1959, Fidel Castro overthrew a dictatorship in cuba, Seized power and had the government take over many businesses - The US placed a TRADE EMBARGO (breaking off trade) with Cuba causing them To ally with The Soviets for help. This transferred them to a communist state - Castro Threatened to export communism which scared Americans - BAY OF PIGS INVASION:In 1961, Cuban exiles were trained to invade Cuba at the Bay Of pigs. This failed - CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS: In 1962 American leaders discovered that Cuba was secretly building bases to install Soviet missiles. If the plan succeeded then The Us can get attacked by The missles. President Kennedy then created a blockade around Cuba and threatened to invade if the missiles were not withdrawn. Khrushev agreed to withdraw the missiles so that Us would not invade Cuba. ➔ THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION - The Cold War ended when there was a sudden collapse in Soviet Communism - MIKHAIL GORBACHEV: was the leader Of the Soviet Communist Party from 1985-1991. He wanted to preserve Communism but wanted to add performance policies. - GLASNOST: Policy of Gorbachev that introduced openness to the Soviet society (restrictions on speech and press were lifted and dissidents were released from Prison) - PERESTROIKA: Economic reform (restructuring) .hoped to move away from government planning to encourage more individual ideas in the Soviet economy. People were permitted to have small businesses, factory managers were given greater control over the production of their products and foreign companies began to invest into the Soviet Union - Many Non Russian nationalities began to demand for independence and spread their nationalism throughout the whole Soviet Union - SOLIDARITY MOVEMENT IN POLAND: LECH WALESA organized an independent trade Union called Solidarity in Poland. The Poles became the first non-communist government in Eastern Europe. This change led to lifting of the iron curtain ideology between Western and Eastern Europe - TAKING DOWN THE BERLIN WALL: The taking down of the wall symbolized the end of the Cold war. It was taken in 1989 and free elections were held. Germany unified in the end of 1990 because of the negotiations from HELMUT KOHL - BORIS YELTSIN: in 1991 became The President Of the Russian Republic, began to assert Russsian Authority over the Soviet government. - Communist hardliners overthrew Gorbachev in a coup but they lacked support and disbanded - The Communist party was discredited - Gorbachev allowed the independence Lithuania and other Baltiv States - In December 1991, Russia Belarus and Ukraine also declared their Independence - Gorbachev resigned and the Soviet Union ended - The former Soviet Union nations started to transform their economy into free market or capitalism - Unemployment, Inflation and Crime Rises ❖ LATIN AMERICA TODAY ➔ A continuing gulf between the rich and the poor, economic dependence on the west and political instability are ongoing problems in Latin America ➔ Military government ruled many Latin American countries from the 1930s to the 1980s. They violate many human rights ➔ ARGENTINA: thousands of people disappeared during the military rule that ended in 1984 ➔ CHILE: the military overthrow an elected government and killed many of their opponents ➔ CUBA: Fidel Castro imprisoned and killed opponents of his rule ➔ VENEZUELA: Chavez increased the powers he had in his presidency ➔ Economic development has been hindered by the lack of capital investment, unskilled workforce, foreign interference and competition ➔ Population growth forced many Latin American nations to focus on food instead of improving their country ➔ Latin American countries borrowed heavily from Western Banks leading them to fall into debt ❖ FERDINAND MARCOS AND THE PHILIPPINES ➔ The Philippines became independent from the United States after World War Two ➔ FERDINAND MARCOS: Corrupt dictator who ruled the Philippines from 1965-1986. Was defeated in 1986 by Corazon Aquino and mass demonstrations forced Marcos to flee ➔ Seen as a triumph for democracy ❖ IRELAND AND THEIR RELIGIOUS CONFLICT ➔ Back in the 16th century, England became Protestant but Ireland remained Catholic ➔ In an attempt to control Ireland in the 1600s, England sent Protestant settlers to there who settled up North ➔ In 1922, Ireland became independent but the Proetstant majority In the North wanted to remain with The British Empire ➔ Many Catholics objected to this division and formed the IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY (I RA) ➔ Fighting erupted in 1969 between the IRA and the Northern Protestants. British troops were sent to preserve the peace but open warfare continued ➔ In 1993, The Leaders of Britain negotiated a ceasefire ➔ In 2005, the IRA announced the end to its military campaign and British troops went Back to Great Britain ❖ ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE INDIA: ➔ AMRITSAR MASSACRE- 400 Indian peaceful protestors killed, 1200 wounded by British soldiers, ➔ Being unhappy with British rule the INDIA NATIONAL CONGRESS was formed in 1855 - Mostly Hindus - Wanted more democracy, netter jobs for Indians, and self-rule ➔ Resentment grew against Muslims so they formed the MUSLIM LEAGUE in 1906 - Called for a separate Muslim state ➔ MOHAMMAD GANDHI- led Indian independence and INC starting in the 1920s ➔ The use of NON-VIOLENCE to get India independent - Homespun movement- Indians boycotted (refused to buy) British goods: Resulted in many Indians being jailed - Fasting- days to weeks w/o food to protest the use of violence and religious conflict - Salt March (1930)- 241 mile march to the sea to make salt which is against British law. Ex of civil disobedience= breaking law because you think it’s unjust - Indians suffered British beatings and violence to emphasize the injustice of imperialism ➔ After World War 2, due to the amount of debt and destruction because of the war, British officials recognized they’re too weak to resist the demands of Indians. Thus, giving them independence in 1947. ❖ POST INDEPENDENCE: INDIA ➔ PARTITION- When Br agreed to independence in 1947 they divided the nation in 2 based on religion - India for Hindus - Pakistan for Muslims - East Pakistan became Bangladesh ➔ MASS MIGRATIONS in 1947 - Led to violence over 1 million killed and Gandhi starved until it stopped ➔ NON-ALIGNMENT- Being a new country during the Cold War Era India followed the policy of nonalignment, which is not being part of NATO or the WARSAW PACT. This is because they didn’t want to support the British after independence and they didn’t believe in communism ➔ GREEN REVOLUTION: to attempt to improve the agriculture production, India had a Green Revolution by applying modern science and technology to introduce new seeds, fertilizers and equipment. ➔ CHALLENGES - Overpopulation 1.38 million, some live in poverty and slums - Pollution, the water crisis poor working conditions + child labor - Discrimination still exists against untouchables in rural areas -Pakistan and India conflicts - Fight over disputed region Kashmir - Already had 4 wars - A nuclear threat by India and Pakistan - Terrorist attacks over religious differences today ❖ AFRICA: ➔ The PAN AFRICANISM MOVEMENT called for Africans to unite to end colonialism and seek selfdetermination (right to self-rule) ➔ GHANA/GOLD COAST: -KWAME NKRUMAH: follows Gandhi footsteps in the independence for his country in 1957 -strikes boycotts, civil disobedience, -Changed it to Ghana after the first ancient west african Kingdom and became the first African black colony to be independent ➔ KENYA: - JOMO KENYATTA, Mau Mau group used violence; 1952-60 civil war (Mau Mau vs British + loyalists), Kenyatta imprisoned as a suspect, independence 1963 ➔ SOUTH AFRICA (Pre Independence) - SHARPEVILLE MASSACRE(1960): Police killed demonstrators causing a strike to break out among black africans - APARTHEID- policy from 1948-1944 to keep whites + non-whites apart ( segregated + separated) - Separated townships-- blacks forced out of cities + into homelands - Pass laws + punishment more severe - Different schools hospitals trains - Non-whites cant vote - Not interracial marriage - AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS: group started initiate to fight for black rights + later to end apartheid ➔ NELSON MANDELA-most important ANC leader who had been jailed for twenty-seven years, was released in 1990b became president in 1991 ending appartheid ➔ SOWETO UPRISING(1976): riots against spread throughout South Africa The United States and other countries finally cut their economic ties with South Africa in order to promote social change ➔ FW DE KLERK- new pres repealed apartheid laws, released Mandela in 1990 negotiated w/ ANC on new constitution ➔ DESMUND TUTU- led the campaign for foreign boycotts - Nations like the US, limited trade sanctions took out investments (divested) ➔ POST APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA - Build a multi-racial government - Work together with Afrikaners - Improve economy + encouraged foreign investment - Improve the lives of blacks ➔ TRUTH RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC) led by tutu to investigate human rights abuses during the apartheid - Goal unity and peace through truth-telling - Reparations for victims and granted amnesty or forgiveness ➔ CHALLENGES - AIDS/ HIV - High violence and corrupt ANC - Gaps between black and whites ➔ ISSUES FACING POST COLONIAL AFRICA - Followed the policy of nonalignment like india during the cold war - Remained poor and lacked formal education - Struggles with problems such as ethnic disunity and political instability - As most african nations were based on former colonies that has been created without the regard for tribal boundaries, rival tribes from the same country often fought - AFricans became subsistence farmers (Only farm for their family) - Urbanization increased as many africans migrated to cities in search of opportunities. ❖ MIDDLE EAST ➔ ·GEOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES - Crossroads between Europe, Asia, and Africa - Very diverse - OIL and OPEC- control most of the world's oil supply + regulates prices ➔ Very little water and rely on outside sources -piping in water + desalination plants ➔ It got its name from Europe as the east is considered to be China and the are is in the middle of it ➔ Before WW1 the middle east was controlled by the OTTOMAN EMPIRE, “sick man of Europe” and After WW1: BRITAIN AND FRANCE, the land was divided into mandates (temp colonies) ➔ CREATION OF ISRAEL AND PALESTINE - ZIONISM: Jewish nationalist movement began in the 1800s in response to growing antisemitism In Europe - Goal: create a Jewish state to protect jews - led by THEODORE HERZL - Br. also declared support for a Jewish state in the BALFOUR DECLARATION (1917):British leaders promised to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine as part of the Zionist Movement ➔ ISLREAL PALESTINIAN (Arab) CONFLICTS ➢ WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1948) ISRAEL WON ➢ “SIX DAY WAR” (1967) - Arab nations planned attack -- Israel struck 1st -Israel won -- gained the Golan Heights, West Bank, Gaza, + Sinai Peninsula ➢ YOM KIPPUR WAR (1973) - A surprise attack by Egypt Syria to take back territory lost in 1967 - Israel won again → no change in territory ➢ CAMP DAVID ACCORDS (1979)- ended hostilities between Egypt - Egypt accepted Israel as legit - Israel returned Sinai Peninsula + rights for Palestinians ➢ OSLO PEACE ACCORDS (1993) - Israel agreed to grant Palestinians self-rule in Gaza Strip and West Bank ➢ SUEZ CANAL CRISIS (1956) - Suez canal opened 1869 + owned by BR+ FR - Nasser(Egypt) nationalized (govt takeover) Suez Canal - Result: Egypt kept the canal, ending BR+ FR control ➔ IRAN - Was Westernized and secularized before revolution and SHAH (was supported by the army and the west that brought down opposers - IRAN REVOLUTION - People were violent against the shah leading him to flee -AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI- became the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran - Islamic fundamentalist govt (theocracy) - Women required to cover, men beards - Freedoms restricted - Strong anti-west IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS 1979 (capture of US Ambassadors) ➔ LEADERSHIP OF SUDAM HUSSEIN (IRAQ) ➢ SUDDAM HUSSEINI seized power in Iraq in 1979 and imposed a brutal dictatorship ➢ -IRAN-IRAQ WAR (1980-88) - Human rights violation: attacked kurds (minority ethnic group) w/ poison gas -PERSIAN GULF WAR (1990-91) Iraq invaded oil-rich Kuwait - Iraq defeated, but Saddam still in power -IRAQ WAR (2003-11 ) the US invaded Iraq claiming they had weapons of mass destruction - Saddam was tried + executed in 2006 - The U.S. withdrew in 2011 leaving instability + sectarian (conflicting groups) violence. ➔ AFGHANISTAN - In 1978, local Communists seized power in Afghanistan - Local guerrilla fighters known as the MUJAHIDEEN, with Us support overthrew the communists in 1989 - THE TALIBAN: a group of radical Muslim revolutionaries, that gained control of the country - They had strict laws such as, women can’t show their faces in public and men can’t trim their beards - RELIGIOUS POLICE roamed through the streets and often beat or stone who disobeyed the laws - AL-QAEDA: Terrorist group that lived in Afghanistan and caused the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Organized by OSAMA BIN LADEN - When the Taliban refused to turn over Bin Laden, the US invaded Afghanistan and ended up overthrowing the Taliban regime. ➔ ARAB SPRING - Series of revolutionary, anti-govt uprisings (protests to civil war) in Arab nations (Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Syria) - Tunisia is the only one with a stable democracy w/ free + fair elections ➔ CURRENT ISSUES IN THE MIDDLE EAST - WOMEN still covered up, less rights, subject to being housewives, hgh violence upon them - SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS- due to constant wars thousands off refugees leave syria to go to europe - SAUDIA ARABIA- women have jobs and have more secular rights which is good but there is descrimination against SUNMI MUSLIMS, corruption and censorship in government but rich in oil - THE RISE OF ISIS- ISIS was form by Syrian extremists in Iraq, it started to fall as US troops enter and taking over 99% of isis territory ❖ POST WW2 HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS ➔ POLPOT AND THE KHMER ROUGE (CAMBODIA) ➢ -POLPOT- leader of Cambodia that wanted to “purify” nation of capitalism, religion + western influence to create an agrarian Communist Cambodia (Foreigners expelled Banned religion + schools Purged "old society" Evacuated cities COLLECTIVIZATIONS (communes) + forced labor in "killing fields" - 1.7 million killed in auto-genocide - Overthrown by Vietnamese troops in 1979 -- occupied Cambodia for 10 yrs ➢ -EXTRAORDINARY CHAMBERS IN THE COURTS OF CAMBODIA (ECCC) = special court of Cambodian and intern'l judges (UN) to prosecute Khmer Rouge leaders + those "most responsible for very serious crimes ➔ ETHIC CLEANSING IN BOSNIA AND KOSOVO (FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AND BALKANS) ➢ SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC responded with ETHNIC CLEANSING (mass killing of a certain ethnic or religious group) to reclaim the land - Over 200,000 Bosnian Muslims killed ➢ July 1995: Srebrenica, Bosnia (UN safe haven) but serbs continued attacking - “Act of genocide by the ICJ (INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE) ➢ Kosovo declared its independence in 1998 led by the KOSOVO LIBERATION ARMY(KLA), + Milosevic responded w/ ethnic cleansing against the Albanian Muslim majority. ➢ Milosevic arrested for genocide + war crimes by UN INTERNAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL OF YUGOSLAVIA(ICTY), but died before conviction ➔ RWANDAN GENOCIDE ➢ Belgians emphasized the difference between the two ethnic groups in Rwanda - TUTSI: whiter and had better education and jobs ( more power) - HUTUS:black darker fewer rights ➢ Civil war began in 1990: Hutu vs Tutsi RWANDAN PATRIOTIC FRONT(RPF) ➢ After the president was shot for trying to get peace. Hutus took over, genocide started - Lasted 3 months and 1 million killed ➢ UN set up the INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA (ICTR) to put genocide leaders on trial. - Lacked involvement ➢ GACACA COURTS - 125,000 people are still in jail w/o trial for genocide - GACA: traditional village system for resolving disputes ➔ GENOCIDE IN DAFUR ➢ · CAUSES OF DARFUR: - Religious and thenic rivalry: Muslim Arabs (north) vs Christian Nlack Africans (south) - Economic rivalry: herders (arab) vs farmers (Black African), less water as desert expands - Govt controlled by Arabs - Civil wars between North + south: 1956-1972 + 1983-2005 - Darfur felt ignored and rebelled ➢ Sudan govt responded w/ counter-attacks against non-Arabs ➢ JANJAWEED:( a rebel arab group) attack black darfur villages ➢ RESULTS - 400,000 killed + 1000s raped - 2.7 million INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS(IDP) - 350,000 refugees ➢ INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES - Us declared Dafur to be genocide - UN referred the case to the ICC (INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT)-- arrest warrants issued - 2008: UN + African Union try to end violence + aid displaced/refugees and Conflict continues today, but at a lower rate ➔ GENOCIDE IN MYANMAR ➢ MYANMAR CAUSES - ROHINGYA MUSLIMS are considered “outsiders” - WWII - Rohingya fought w/ Allies, but Buddhists sided w/ occupying Japan ➢ MYANMAR POST INDEPENDENCE - ROHINGYA : Can't move freely in country - No access to edu. or healthcare - 1982 - citizenship taken away - TEXTBOOK ETHINC CLEANSING: eradicate Rohingya Muslims by Myanmar military ● 1000s killed (stabbing babies, burning villages, mass roundups + executions + rape) ● Facebook used to stir up hate ● 700,000 refugees since August have fled Rakhine state, mostly to Bangladesh ➢ INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE - UN told Myanmar to stop the violence, declared "acts of genocide" (March 2018), requires govt reports on actions to stop violence - US + EU have imposed sanctions ($ + arms) + many businesses stopped investing - Providing aid to refugees ➢ AUNG SAN SUU KYI - Used to be recognized as a democracy advocate and won nobel prizes - Now criticized for failure to speak out or act to stop the military's ethnic cleansing. ➔ SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE POST HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES UN involved through organizations to punish Rwanda had the least punishment from the UN people for crimes or aid people for their troubles Genocide in Myanmar and Sudan still continues Genocides caused by difference in ethnicities/ ideologies Cambodia, Kosovo, Bosnia still suffer today due to psychological and economical factors Rwanda has a booming economy ❖ EUROPEAN UNION ➔ EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY: AN organization to promote free trade in Europe. In 1991 they vote to move towards a united Europe by creating the European Union ➔ EU members began using EUROS (a unified European currency) ➔ In 2004, a large number of countries from Eastern Europe joined the European Union ➔ BREXIT: in 2016 the British left the European after the people in The Uk voted for removal. ❖ GLOBAL CONCERNS ➔ OVERPOPULATION has led to populations that outstrip food supplies ➔ TERROISM has led to the use of violence against Civilians ➔ POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ➔ DEFORESTATION AND DROUGHT