Introduction to British Studies

Introduction to British Studies Ex de Texte What is the Ex de Texte? ● It is in the name it is the Explanation of the text. ○ The work has parts like structure, style, imagery, and other things. ● The paper is usually very lengthy at several pages Before we get into the details of the paper we will start with some basics. 1. A paragraph does not have to be a certain number of sentences 2. When you are outlining a paragraph you should spend no more than five minutes on a paragraph 3. Not all parts of a paper needs to be the same length. For example, the first paragraph can be short. Then the middle paragraphs when your explaining/giving reasons can be more lengthy. Parts of the Ex de Texte Subject: ● No more than 1 page (think 2-3 paragraphs) ● Summarize the plot ● Think of the Pyramid: ● Exposition - Setting, Main Character(s), AVOID listing ALL the characters ● Rising Action - All the types of conflict ○ Man v. Man ○ Man v. Nature ○ Man v. Society ○ Man v. Self ○ Man v. Supernatural ● Climax - Combine this paragraph while talking about Rising Action ○ Moment of dramatic intensity ● Falling Action/Resolution - All loose ends are tied up Mistakes to avoid: ● Listing ● Using these words: ○ Then ○ Next ○ After ■ All repetitive words Theme: ● 1-1.5 pages long ● Choose 1 major theme of the text ○ 3 paragraphs ● Choose one minor theme ○ 1 paragraph ● Major theme: ○ Should not be one word ■ Like a quote ■ For example: ● In Richard II the theme is “The Divine Right of Kings”. ○ Be clear and precise ○ Include quotes from the text Diction: ● Language that is used ● 1-1.5 pages long ● Quotes are MANDATORY ○ At least 3 ● Breakdown of Diction: ○ How well does the language move the Plot? ■ What can we tell about the characters? ● 1 paragraph with quote ○ Connotative words ■ How does the author use words to convey feelings? ● 1 paragraph with quote ○ Sentence style ■ Vivid images ● 1 paragraph with quote ○ Does diction uphold the subject and theme? ■ HINT: ● The answer will always be YES ○ Explain why? Tone: ● 1 paragraph long ● The attitude the author feels about the author ● Similar to “Theme” ○ Avoid using one word to define the tone ● Show us why the tone is perfect for the novel. Mood: ● 1 paragraph long ● Explains the reader’s feelings about the subject ● Similar “Theme” and “Tone” ○ Avoid using one word to define the mood ■ Bored CANNOT be the mood Symbolism ● 1-2 pages ● Symbol - When something stands for something else ○ Person, Place, Object, Event ■ 3 symbols are needed ● 3 quotes are needed ○ One per symbol ● State the symbol ● Explain it ● Support it with a quote ● Wrap it up ● Then move on to the next symbol Speaker: ● One short paragraph ● Who is telling the story? ○ 1st Person OR ○ 3rd person limited/omniscient Structure: ● 2 short paragraphs ● Internal structure ○ 1 paragraph ○ Chronological or Logical events ● External structure ○ 1 paragraph ○ Includes ■ Page count ■ Table of contents ■ References ■ Prologue ■ Epilogue ■ Paperback or Hardback ● Just the logistics of the book Imagery: ● 8 paragraphs ○ One example of imagery per paragraph ○ You cannot use the same type of figurative language twice ● State what it is ● Give the example ○ Quote ● Then explain why your example fits that type ○ Do not just define the terms, just state what the term is. Genre: ● A classification of literature ● 2 paragraphs ○ 1 paragraph for main genre ○ 1 paragraph for sub-genre Example of Ex de Texte Outline: The Giver Subject ● Exposition: ○ Jonas (age 12) & the Giver (old old) vs. Elders (man vs. society) & Community ● Rising Action: ○ Jonas receives more memories from the Giver ● Climax: ○ Jonas and friends decide that they must escape and share the news with outsiders (The Giver prolly gonna die in the process) ● Falling Action: ○ Escapes with Gabriel (baby) ● Resolution: ○ Cliffhanger - Successfully escaped, Jonas might die from hypothermia & Gabe might die since he can’t fend for himself. Theme ● Major Theme: Memory is a gift to be treasured and shared, not to be hidden ○ Quote: “Memories are forever” (p. 144). ● Minor Theme: Courage is a trait that anyone, regardless of age, can have ○ Quote: “Without asking permission from The Giver, because he feared - or knew that it would be denied, he tried to give his new awareness to his friends” (p. 99). Diction ● Language moves the plot: ○ Characters in The Society are stripped of any memories, forcing them to do unspeakable actions, even not recognizing killing innocent children. ■ Quote: “He killed it! My father killed it! His father loaded the carton containing the body into the chute and gave it a shove” (p. 150-151). ● Connotation: ○ The author conveys newfound feelings of Jonas through emotional connections he has with various characters. ■ Quote: “These were deeper and they did not need to be told. They were felt. Today, he felt happiness” (p. 132). ● Sentence Style: ○ Lowry gives us short sentences to show that the book is written from the perspective of a twelve year old. ■ Quote: “Jonas did. He was eager for whatever experience would come next. But he had, suddenly, so many questions” (p. 83). ● Upholding subject & theme: ○ Yes, the diction upholds the subject and theme due to the sentence style, word choice, and how the author conveys emotions throughout the novel. Tone ● The tone of The Giver is questioning the decisions of higher-born people in society. Mood ● After reading The Giver, one is left in a suspenseful mood from the ending of the novel. Symbolism ● Character: The Giver ○ The Giver is literally one who bestows knowledge and memories to the Receiver of Memories ■ “Intelligence...Integrity...Courage...Wisdom...Capacity to See Beyond” (p. 62-63). ● Color: ○ Jonas begins to see colors, which help to hold all the memories of the past. ■ “Once, back in the time of the memories, everything had a shape and size, the way things still do but they also had a quality called color. There were a lot of colors, and one of them was called red” (p. 94). ● Event: Death of the innocent child ○ Before the climax, Jonas recieves more tragic memories, including the fact that his father killed one of the twins ■ ““He killed it! My father killed it! His father loaded the carton containing the body into the chute and gave it a shove” (p. 150-151). Speaker ● Written in 3rd person limited. The narrator finds things out as Jonas discovers. Structure ● Internal: ○ Logical order - flashback sequences of memories from past lives ● External: ○ Paperback, about 200 pages Imagery ● Simile: “It’s like going downhill through deep snow on a sled” (p. 78). ● Repetition: “What if they give the little twin a name Elsewhere, a name like, oh, maybe Jonathan” (p. 137). ● Personification: “It (the apple) jumps out of my hand onto the ground” (p. 24). ● Alliteration: “He waited, but the man did not give the standard accepting-of-apology response” (p. 75). ● Color: “The bright orange pumpkins being trucked in..the flash of brilliant color” (p. 97). ● Onomatopoeia: “He buzzed instead” (p. 72). ● Hyperbole: “I’m starving” (p. 70). ● Assonance: “At first it’s exhilarating: the speed; the sharp, clar air; but then the snow accumulates, and you slow” (p. 78). Genre ● Young Adult Fiction = Main genre ● Dystopian = Minor genre About Shakespeare ● In Shakespere whenever there is a color (;) something is going to happen William Shakespeare (1564-1616) ● Born and died in Stratford-Upon-Avon ● Marries Anne Hathaway ○ Had children, one died ● Wrote 37 Plays and 154 Sonnets ○ Divided into 4 Categories: ■ Tragedies ● Many people or everyone dies ■ Comedies ● Happy Ending ■ Histories ● About British History (kings and queens) ■ Problem Plays ● Do not have a resolution The Plays ● Created 5 Act Plays ● His plays were commentary about the time ○ Some of them offered possible solutions ■ Even though they were written in the 1500-1600s they can help you with modern issues ● He lived and wrote during Elizabeth I and James I The Globe ● Still operational and plays still happen there ● Shakespeare was apart of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men ○ An Acting Troupe ● Was set on fire on accident ○ Was rebuilt ■ Has stayed the same since the 1600s DO NOT NEED TO KNOW 9 AND 12 1. Flag - Tells what kind of play was being played (ex. Red = Sad) 2. Heavens - Storage Space for Props 3. Hut - Where actors and actresses enter onto the stage a. In Shakespeare's day there will no actresses, just actors 4. Inner Above - Where the band was (like an orchestra pit) 5. Galleries - Where the audience sit a. Top row - upper class b. Lower class - Bottom 6. Main Stage - The place where they performed 7. Inner Below - How the actions got from one side of the stage from the other a. Often covered so the audience could not see 8. The Pit - Where peasants were allowed to watch a. On the ground 10. Trap Door - Offers a quick getaway 11. Entrance - Where people would enter in Iambic Pentameter ● How Shakespeare wrote ● A line of verse with five metrical feet, each consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable The Feudal System ● The system that society was structured in Western Europe for centuries until to fall of the Roman Empire ○ Under this system land ownership was a primary system of wealth ■ Wealthy landowners “paid” less important people in the currency of land to receive their services/loyalty in return ● Similar to how many governments are run ○ Ex. United States - Class System ■ Historians believe that the middle class is disappearing ● The Pyramid ○ Bottom - Peasants ○ Lower Middle - Knights ○ Middle - Lordes (servants/advisors to the king) ○ Top - Royalty (King/Queen) People of the Feudal System ● The king/queen ○ Considered the wealthiest landowner ■ Job: To grant land to other nobles/lords in exchange for loyalty/support ● Lords ○ Nobel people that were given land by the king/queen ■ Responsible for providing military support when asked ● Advises the king ● Knights ○ Hired by the lords ■ Given land/money in exchange for their military service to protect the people and enforce the king’s rule ● Closely linked to the code of chivalry ○ Upholds honesty, christianity, respect to woman ● Peasants ○ Allowed to live on one’s land ■ Not own it ○ They lived there in order to grow food and pay taxes to the landowners Richard II (History) Act 1, Scene 1 ● The accuser is Henry Bolinbroke ● The accused is Thomas Mowbray ○ Accused of being a traitor and miscreant ● (Line 47-48) Trial by Combat ○ Mowbray disagrees and is denying it ■ Spits on him ● Throws his gage at him ○ Gage - Something men wore and if they wanted to fight one person would throw their gage. ● Mobray is like “You’re on, let’s fight” ● (Line 136) Duke of Gloucester was murdered with an axe ○ Chopped to death ■ Supposedly Thomas Mobray and Richard II had something to do with it ● Richard and Bolingbroke fight on Saint Lambert's Day on September 17th Act 1, Scene 2 ● The Duchess is sad because her husband is dead ● Edward had seven sons ● (Line 39-43) The theme is the divine right of kings ○ Since God appointed the king we can not overthrow the king Act 1, Scene 3 ● Everyone is ready to fight ○ The Marshalls (oversee it and control it/keep the peace) ■ Richard wants to know who they are and why they are here ● Saint George is the patron saint of England ● Worder - Symbolic to the country as a sign that it is falling down ● The king gives them a punishment ○ Banishes Bolinbroke for twice 5 summers ○ Banishes Mobray for life ■ Before they are vanished Richard tells them that they can never be together again ● Write to one another ● Reconcile with each other ● Plot against England ○ You can't plot to overthrow the king ■ Mobray says that the king would regret this ● (Line 215) Now the king takes away 4 years from Bolingbroke ○ Only 6 years ■ Bolingbroke is sad because he is old ■ Richard basically says “you got some years left” ● Richard continues and basically says that you told me to get mad out of them ● John of Gaunt says “It seems good at first but after awhile it does not feel good Act 1, Scene 4 ● Takes place in the court ● “Now for the rebels that stand out in Ireland” ○ There's a civil war in Ireland for Freedom from England ● Richard is saying “I hope my uncle dies” ○ Because he wants the money Act 2, Scene 1 ● Takes place in Ely House ○ Duke of York and Lancaster are brothers ● John of Gaunt is lying as he’s on his deathbed ● I understand that Richard is crazy, but this violence cannot keep up ● Gaunt says that he has a big ego ● (140) Gaunt accuses Richard of murdering of his own uncle ● John of Gaunt is going to die ○ Richard says that “we should spend our government money and move on” after his uncle has died ■ Going to take all the money and land that John of Gaunt had ● (Line 199-200) Richard is told off because he is taking away his cousin’s things ● (Line 215) York is saying that if Richard goes through with this that he will make people upset and upset him. If your taking everything from John of Gaunt I cannot stand by you ○ Richard says “I am going to take it anyway” ● All of the nobles ○ (Line 250-255) Northumberland is flattering the king and saying that “you should hate the people who were nobles who sided with Bolinbroke ■ Saying that the king will prosecute us and hurt us ● The money will not go to war but to Richard himself ● All of the cousins and friends of Bolingbroke and Morbray are on a ship to Ireland ○ They are plotting ● The nobles: “One of us has to go to tell Richard” Act 2, Scene 2 ● Takes place at the Coast of Wales ● (Line 1009-1011) She feels that something bad is about to happen but she doesn't know what. ○ (Line 35-40) She feels like something is wrong but still cannot put her finger on it ● (Line 50) Bolingbroke (who is banished) arrives at Ravenspur ● Bush asks Green “Why did you not pronounce them traitors” ○ Green is like “We tried, but then things got out of hand.” ● (Line 71-75) The Queen calls him a parasite ○ Prodigy - A kid or child that is good at something ● (Line 95) “My Sister Gloucester” who was on the edge of suicide ○ (Line 102-3) The duchess died by jumping off the high tower of her castle ■ The Duke of York is left broken because he does not know what to do ● (Line 142) Bristol Armory is England’s Armory ○ Where all the weapons are and where everyone is trained for battle ■ Bushy and Green go there Act 2, Scene 3 ● Takes place at Wilds in Gloucestershire ● Bolingbroke is in England ○ “How far is Northumberland?” ○ Northumberland is like “I do not know, but I’ll be friends with you because you might be the king one day” ● Harry “Hotspur” Percy is Northumberland’s son ○ Nicknamed “Hotspur” ● The Northumberlands are like the Kardashians of their time ○ Wealthy but not royalty ■ Going to be best friends with Henry Bolingbroke ● Harry Percy comes in and Northumberland announces him ○ Harry Percy tells his dad that Richard has announced him as a traitor ● Bolingbroke does not want to be the king ○ He just wants the title of “Duke of Lancaster” ● Bolingbroke upset because he feels that Lancaster will not defend him since now his father is dead and the Duke of York is his uncle ○ The Duke of York says “I am too old” and sends a statement of neutrality ■ Disappointed in Richard II and Bolingbroke, but invites them to Bristol Castle to sleep ■ Bolingbroke does not want to go because then it looks like he is taking sides Act 2, Scene 4 ● Take place at a campsite in Wales ● Line 15 “To sign to fall the right and wrong of kings” ● Historically speaking omens are paranoia ● Takes Richard 23 days to get to Wales ○ Should have taken him 4 Act 3, Scene 1 ● Takes place in Bristol ● Bolingbroke tells Busy and Green that he will kill them ○ Reason #1: They mislead/lied to king (Line 1347) ○ Reason #2: They drove the king and queen apart (Line 1348) ○ Reason #3: They had the king misinterpret Bolingbroke (Line 1349) ○ Reason #4: They took Bolingbroke’s lans and riches (Line 1350) ● Dispatched their heads from bodies ○ Bushy and Green have offscreen deaths (Line 1373) ● The queen is with York Act 3, Scene 2 ● Takes place on the Coast of Wales ● Known as the Monologue scene ● Richard thinks that God has appointed him king ○ What the entire monologue is about ● All of the welshmen they heard Richard was dead and they all went to Bolingbroke’s side ● He’s like “Where’s Bushy? Where’s Greene?” ○ When they're all dead ● (Line 1565) “the hollow crown” ○ Talking about how every trouble and sadness all goes back to the king ■ The king is supposed to keep everyone in check ● (Line 225) Informs Richard that his uncle has joined with Bolingbroke ○ Richard responds by basically giving up since he cannot do anything ■ He is going to go and sulk and give up Act 3, Scene 3 ● Takes place in Wales ● The Climax of the story ● Bolingbroke, Northumberland, and everyone else arrives ○ Bolingbroke is too old to be there and only there because he wants his land ● (Line 1635) Percy tells Bolingbroke to tell Richard to get on knees, kiss his hand, and to repeal his banishment. ○ If not he will kill every man, woman, and child ● Bolingbroke just wants to talk to Richard and is like “Wow look at Richard he isn't looking too good, but still looks like a king ● Richard is basically screaming at Northumberland ○ Northumberland is like “Calm down, all Bolingbroke wants is his land”. ● Richard is like “What am I going to happen to me?” ○ This whole part from (1750-60) he is saying that if he gets reposed maybe I’ll become a priest ● Aumerle is crying because if Bolingbroke becomes king he will die ● Richard has sworn that Bolingbroke will be his aire Act 3, Scene 4 ● Takes place at York’s garden ● The queen there ○ She is depressed ● She is learning about what happened between Richard and the queen. ○ Essentially getting the rundown ● Two gardeners come in and offer the commonsee by talking what is going on ○ The queen is offended slightly about how they are speaking of Richard ■ The gardeners are like “I’m sorry, but it’s true” Act 4, Scene 1 ● Takes place in Westminster Hall ● Like in Act 1, Scene 1 it all comes back to the Duke of Gloucester’s death Gages: ● Line 1970 - Baggot ● Line 1979 - Aumerle ● Line 1992 - Fitzwater ● Line 1997 - Percy ● Line 2016 - Another Lord ● Line 2024 - Surrey ● All of them are accusing each other of lying ○ Nobody is defending Aumerle ● He is going to bring back Mobray at first, but then we find out that Mobray died while in a crusade for Christ ● (Line 159) York enters ○ Richard gives up and says “Long Live Henry IV” ■ Richard becomes Henry IV ● The Bishop of Carlisle is upset ○ Saying that “This is unnatural and God does not approve” ● (Line 142-55) Set up for the war of the roses ○ The bishop is arrested for treason ● Bolingbroke wants Richard to publically resign ● Richard resigning is like “No, no” ○ Seems caught off guard ● Then Richard tells the people that they had a right to be confused and he is most definitely resigning ○ After the speech he says “God save King Henry” ● Northumberland tells him to also publicly say all the sins that he has committed in public ● Richard is acting very childish about reading his sins ○ He's like “My mouth is dry” ■ Having dumb requests ● Specifically he requests a looking glass ● With the looking glass he looks at himself ○ He sees all the lies and sins he has committed ● (Pg. 171 around Line 300) When Richard shatters the mirror it is symbolic of him cracking ● Bolingbroke is like “Taje Richard to the Tower of London” ○ Richard is acting like a child since he wants something else Bolingbroke is like “okay where to do want to go” ■ Richard is like “Anywhere” ● Bolingbroke takes him to the tower of London ● Most of the people who go to the Tower of London do not come out ● People realize that there is no plan to kill the king ○ Then they plot to kill Henry Act 5, Scene 1 ● Takes place in a street of London ○ Richard is going into the Tower of London ■ Richard and Isabella say goodbye ● Richard is saying to Isabella “Go back to France and go into a convent” ○ Isabella is caught off guard by the idea with the fact she can never marry again ■ Isabella is originally from France ● Northumberland tells him that Bolingbroke has changed his mind, Richard is going to Profret ○ Which is basically prison. He still gets all the amenities, he can just never leave ● Richard wants Bolingbroke to turn a blind eye and leave for France ○ Bolingbroke says that the king will kill him ■ Richard and Isabella kiss as a final goodbye ● The scene is dramatic ○ Isabella is 10 years old at the time ■ She was 9 when they got married ○ They could not have kids for that reason ■ Bolingbroke keeps Isabella for a possible relationship with his son ● Instead he sends her back to France to be with her family ○ Isabella marries again at 16 Act 5, Scene 2 ● Takes place at the Duke and Duchess of York’s palace ○ York is retelling what happened, but is fabricating slightly ● York is saying that when Bolingbroke became king the people cheered and for Richard they stood there, throwing dirt at him ● Aumerle is York’s son ○ They now call him Rutland ■ Since he is the youngest ● Aumerel signed his name to kill the king ○ He pledged to be there ■ The Duchess doesn't want to do that because she does not want to kill him ● York is going to tell Bolingbroke about their plans, betraying Aumerel Act 5, Scene 3 ● Takes place at the Royal Palace ● King Henry’s son is also named Harry (Hal) ○ Hal is about 17 ■ Goes to whore houses and fights people for fun ● Henry pardoned Aumerel for the letter ● (Line 70) My honor lives when his dishonor dies ○ York says about Aumerel ● (Line 85) Featured joint cutoff, the rest rest soun ○ Aumerel is the festerred joint ● Line 193: A god on earth thou art Act 5, Scene 4 ● Takes place at the palace ● Call back to Thomas BeckettL ○ “Have I no friend will and me of this living fear” ● Exton is going to kill Richard because of what King Henry Said Act 5, Scene 5 ● Takes place at promfreds castle ● Solilogue is about time ○ Cannot stop thinking because he has so much free time ● Stable boy knows Henry ○ Was there on Coronation Day ○ Makes the situation worse ● (Line 115-6) Need to know Act 5, Scene 6 ● Takes place at Windsor Castle ● Northumberland is sending Oxford, Sainsbury, Blunt, Kent with their heads to Lonon to display ○ Chopped their heads up ● Northumberland gives Bolingbroke the Execution Papers telling him that they killed them ● Bronchus and Sir Bennet Seley were also killed ○ Nobles who plotted to kill the king ● Percy comes in and is like “Hey, the Abbot Westmister is now dead, but here’s the Bishop”. ○ Tells the Bishop that he is at his doom and to choose a secret place to live forever without ever leaving ● Exton comes in with Richard’s body to show Bolingbroke ○ Bolinbroke is surprised and says “Though I did wish him dead, I hate the murderer, I love him that was murdered.” (Line 40-1) ■ Tells Exton to leave and never show his face again ● Richard II ends that way ○ It never really ends ○ There is no resolution Richard II (English) The Tragedy of Richard II ● The first tragedy Shakesphere wrote ○ Wrote in 1595 ● Offers a double plot: ○ The Fall of Richard ○ Rise of Henry ● Entirely written inverse (poetry) ○ Not written in prose (like slam poetry) ● Written during Elizabeth I ○ At this time: ■ Old ■ Childless ● Had to rewrite the play five times ● Theme: ○ The divine right of kings ■ God places the king there and only God can get rid of him Act I, Scene 1 ● (Line 1) Takes place in Richard’s palace ● Thomas Mowbray and Henry Hereford are cousins ○ (Line 3) Henry Hereford is another name Henry Bolingbroke ● Thomas Mowbray, Henry Hereford, Richard II are all cousins ● (Line 20) Fire and fire is that grinding couplet ● (Line 103) The big charge is that he plotted the Duke of Gloucester’s death ○ He did a lot of things wrong ● Thomas of Norfolk is the same as Thomas Brotherton ● If Richard II dies then the throne would go to John of Gaunt ○ John of Gaunt is his father’s brother’s son ■ Would go to Thomas Brotherton since John of Gaunt is so old ● (Line 154-5) “Even in the best blood chambered in his bosom; In haste whereof most heartily I pray” is an example of a couplet. ● (Line 183-4) “The purest treasure mortal times afford Is spotless reputation; that away,” ○ All we have in life is our reputation ● Richard is like “If you wanna fight the? Fine. Let’s fight on Saint Lambert's Day on September 17th” Act I, Scene 2 ● Seven is the sacred number ○ Seven Sacraments ○ 7 Days ● (Line 139-43) The theme is the divine right of kings ○ Since God appointed the king we can not overthrow the king ● The Duchess hopes that her husband’s death will be on his sword and as soon as Bollingbrooke strikes towards Richard his back breaks and dies ○ She might kill herself because she has nothing to do ■ Gaunt does not know what to say and says “Farewell” Act I, Scene 3 ● Takes place at Coventry ○ Which means we will Fight ● A task is a helmet ● Pernicious means harmful ● Dacan means to be youthful and playful ● (Line 209) “Since we cannot atone you, we shall see Justice design the victor’s chivalry.— Lord Marshal, command our officers-at-arms Be ready to direct these home alarms. ● (Line 263) Doler means deep sad (deeper than heartbroken) ● (Line 283) John of Gaunt tries to console his son (Bolingbroke) ● (Line 285-6) To seek out sorrow that dwells everywhere. Desolate, desolate, will I hence and die. ○ John of Gaunt is telling Bolingbroke that he could be king ■ Saying that he is truly an English Man Act I, Scene 4 ● Takes place in the court Act 2, Scene 1 ● Takes place in Ely House ● Gaunt means Sick Act 2, Scene 2 ● Takes place at the Coast of Wales ○ It is ironic because there is no reason for them to be in Wales ● (Line 155) Foreshadowing Act 2, Scene 3 ● Takes place at Wilds in Gloucestershire ● (Line 68) The exchequer - a treasurer (someone who deals with money) Act 2, Scene 4 ● Take place at a campsite in Wales ● Line 15 “To sign to fall the right and wrong of kings” ● These signs are called “oamens” ○ Sign to take to interpret something else Act 3, Scene 1 ● Takes place in Bristol ● Sinorides - Lands and Riches Act 3, Scene 2 ● Takes place on the Coast of Wales ● Monologue - Prolonged thought ● Richard’s monologue is about how all kings die, but why are so many murdered? Act 3, Scene 3 ● Takes place in Wales ● The Climax of the story ● Beoton was a god that was deposed ○ A god that Richard is feeling like Act 3, Scene 4 ● Takes place at York’s garden ● The Commonsee - When we get a balance of comedy and relief in Shakespeare ○ When two characters come into the scene and offer comic relief Act 5, Scene 1 ● Takes place in Westminster Hall ● Sounds very similar to the first scene ○ Where Bolingbroke and Mobray were arguing and throws down the gage to declare a fight ● Known as the Scene of gages ● Takes place in a street of London ○ Richard is going into the Tower of London Act 5, Scene 2 ● Takes place at the Duke and Duchess of York’s palace Act 5, Scene 3 ● Takes place at the Royal Palace Act 5, Scene 4 ● Takes place at the palace ● Side Scene - Not on the main stage Act 5, Scene 5 ● Takes place at promfreds castle ● Soliloqui: Prolonged thought alone on stage. (Opposite of a Monologue Act 5, Scene 6 ● Takes place at Windsor Castle ● Richard II ends that way ○ It never really ends ○ There is no resolution ● The “divine right of kings” theme is played out ○ If you interfere with that, you will die ■ King Henry is starting his reign off with killing everyone who plotted against him ● 10 people The Canterbury Tales (Prologue) Jeffery Chaucer ● Writer of the Canterbury Tales ○ Had Royal Connections ● Middle English is the start of Jefferey Chaucer Introduction + Characters The Pilgrims ● It is April (Spring) ○ During the spring people go on pilgrimages ■ Pilgrimage - A journey to a holy site ○ They are going to Canterbury Cathedral ■ Where Becket died ● The narrator is writing in the first person ○ He is friendly and likes talking ● Introduces a knight ○ Describes him as chivalry, truth, honor, generousness, courtesy ■ He's been battling and is now coming home ○ He’s a true perfect gentle knight ● Introduces Squire ○ The knight’s son ■ Described as lover and a cader ■ Twenty Years old ■ “Embroidered like a meadow bright and full of freshest flowers red and white” ■ Will talk to you all knight and will be the first one up to make breakfast/coffee ● The Monk ○ Loves the monastery ○ Fat and happy ○ Loves good food and wine ○ Finds the taverns more to his liking than the cold and severe monastery ● The Merchant ○ Shrewd and intelligent man ■ Knows how to strike a good bargain ○ Member of the rich rising middle class ● The Franklin ○ Likes food ○ Wealthy ○ Likes sexual pleasure ○ Enjoys fine living ○ Good companionship ● The Miller ○ Drunken, bash, and vulgar ■ Ofter interrupts the host ■ Demands his tale be net ■ Warns everyone that his tale is about a carpenter will be vulgar because its true ● The Reeve ○ Old and Irritable Man ■ Once a carpenter ○ Resents the Miller's tale because it is about a stupid old carpenter ○ Rich ● The Man of Law (or Sergeant of Law) ○ A lawyer ■ One of the highest justices of the court ○ Cautious, suspicious, and wise ○ One of the more cultivated men of the pilgrims ● The Cook (Roger) ○ Known for his cooking ○ Characterized by a chancre sore that runs with pus ○ His story is incomplete ● The Wife of Bath (Alisoun) ○ Characterized as gat-toothed ○ Somewhat deaf ○ Wears bring scarlet read stockings ○ Had 5 husbands (the last half her age) ○ Enjoys her freedom ○ Openly sensual ● The Friar (Hubert) ○ Sensual ○ Licentious ○ Seduces young girls and arranges their marriages ○ Loves money ○ Knows the taverns are better than the poor houses ● The Summoner ○ Officer of the church who calls people for a church trial ○ Frightens children with his red complexion ■ Pimples and Boils ■ Skin infected with scales ○ Drinks a lot ○ Black, Scabby eyebrows ● The Clerk ○ Sicere and devout student at Oxford ■ Loves learning and is respect by all the pilgrims ○ Very poor due to the fact that he spends all his money on books ● The Shipman ○ Huge and uncouth man ■ Can steer a ship, though he flounders on his horse ● The Prioress (Madame Eglantine) ○ Very gentle lady who is coy and delegate ○ Has precise manners ○ Eats as an aristocrat would ○ Wears a gold broach that reads “Love Conquers all” inscribe in Latin ● The Physician ○ A doctor who can speak with knowledge on medicines, drugs, humors, and astrology ○ Fond of gold and makes a lot of money during the plague season ● The Pardoner ○ Most complex out of the Pilgrims ○ An Intellect and uses advanced psychological techniques to gain ○ He is not a good person, but he can preach a good sermon ○ In order to make money he sells things ● The Nun’s Priest ○ Priest of the church ○ Accompanies the nuns if they want to offer any confessions ● The Second Nun ○ Devout Nun ○ Believes that idleness leads to sin ○ Begins her story immediately ● The Canon and Canon’s Yeoman ○ Not a pilgrim ○ The Canon appears with his servant ■ The Yeoman ○ Leaves when his Yeoman begins a tale ○ He shovels crap ○ Brother with the Parson ● The Manciple ○ Steward for a law school ■ Not as intelligent as the law school students ○ Clever and shrewd enough to put away money for himself ○ He’s a consolidator ○ Very Greedy ● The Parson ○ Very poor, but very holy ○ Virtuous and religious man ○ Tells a highly morgal tale ○ Gives his scant money to poor parishioners ○ Tries to live the perfect life and set an example for others The Prologue ● On a spring day the narrator of The Canterbury Tales rents a room at the Tabard Inn ○ Before recommences his journey to Canterbury ● That evening a group of people arrive at the inn are going to Canterbury ○ To receive the blessings of “the holy blissful martyr” ■ They are calling themselves pilgrims due to their destination ● Accept the Narrator into their company ● The narrator describes his newfound traveling companions (Introductions and Characters) ● The host of the in (Harry Bailey) suggests that each member of the party tells two tales on the journey to Canterbury and two on the way back ○ To make the trip pass more pleasantly ● The person with the best story will be able to receive a large dinner party that is paid for by the other party members. ● The host decides to accompany the “pilgrims” to Canterbury to serve as the judge of which tales are the best.