Unit 2 Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes Migration ○ Migration: The permanent move to a new location ■ ○ o Humans have migrated for the past 7,000 years Mobility: general term covering all types of movement ■ Circulation- short, repetitive, cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis ● ○ An ex. is going to work or school Seasonal Mobility- Migration by season ■ o An example would be college students moving to dormitories in the fall and coming back home the following spring ○ Emigration: moving out of a location ○ Immigration: moving into a location ○ Net Immigration- # of immigrants - # of emigrants (I – E = N) ○ ■ o Positive (Net-in Migration): more immigrants than emigrants ■ o Negative (Net-out Migration): more emigrants than immigrants Migration occurs less frequently < other forms of mobility ■ People take their culture, race, ethnicity, language, farming techniques, and economic practices ● Three main reasons why people move ( Pull Factors) o Economic Opportunity o Cultural Freedom o Environmental Comfort ● Reasons why people want to move out (Push Factors) ○ Political Reasons: war, other political unrest, severe racism and physical torture to a specific group ○ Environmental issues: Natural Disaster ○ Economic: Decline in economy, no jobs available or no good pay International Net Migration o The definition is the permanent movement of one country to another ● E.G. Ravenstein made the basic laws of Migration and the three main ones are: o The distance that migrants move o The reasons why migrants move o The characteristics of migrants International Migration Flows ○ ○ 3% or 214 million people = international migrants 3 largest migration flows are: o Latin America -> North America o South Asia -> Europe o South Asia -> Southwest Asia ○ Mexico to the United States is the largest flow ■ People tend to migrate from developing to developed countries ○ North America, Europe, Southwest Asia, and South Pacific = Net- in ○ Latin America, all regions in India except Southwest Asia = Net-out ○ United States has the more foreign-born residents: 42 million ○ Russia is the distant second with 11 million ○ Australia and Canada have a higher net-in migration but < population ○ The highest in net-in migration rates are in the petroleum export areas in SW Asia Migration Transition ● Changes in a society comparable to those in demographic transition ○ Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky -> linked migration transition to demographic transition International Migration ● to move from 1 country to another ○ Voluntary Migration- Migrant chooses to move usually for economic reasons sometimes for environmental reasons. ■ Intervening Opportunity: At one of the places along the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle there ■ Intervening Obstacle: Environmental or cultural feature that stops migration ● Sometimes migrants are stopped or turned back ● Environmental ex.: Mountains, Deserts, Bodies of Waters ● Cultural ex.: Ethnocentrism, Racism, Xenophobia, Immigration policies ● Quotas: Limit the source regions and numbers of new migrations ○ Brain Drain: Preference to talented and skilled workers in professions that are wanted and in long-term, will injure the countries these workers are emigrating from ■ ○ Chain Migration: Migration to a place where family and friends have settled Forced Migration- Migrant has been forced to move by cultural or environmental factors ■ 3 groups of forced migration ● Refugees: someone who is forced from their home because of violence or conflict ● Internally Displaced Person (IDP): someone who is trying to get refuge somewhere else within their country because of some sort of conflict. They hope to return to their homeland when the conflict is over ● Asylum Seeker: someone who is trying to find international protection but doesn’t have approval yet for refugee status claim Internal Migration ● permanent move from within the same country ○ Interregional Migration: movement from one region of a country to another (rural -> urban areas) ○ Intraregional Migration: movement within one region. (Urban areas, from older cities -> newer suburbs) Population Trends and Information ● Overpopulation: area’s population exceeds the capacity of the environment to support it at an acceptable standard of living ● ● ⅔ of the world’s inhabitants are clustered in 4 regions: ○ South Asia ○ East Asia ○ Southeast Asia ○ Europe ■ Low-lying areas with fertile soil and temperate climate ■ Near an ocean or river Sparsely Populated Regions ○ ● Avoid clusters in certain areas ■ Dry lands ■ Wetlands ■ Cold lands ■ Highlands ○ Places are considered too harsh to survive in ○ Ecumene: Places of permanent human settlement Population Density: Density can be calculated in 3 ways for a place ○ ○ ○ Arithmetic Density ■ Total # of objects in an area ■ Divide population by land area Physiological Density ■ # of people supported by a unit area of arable land ■ Divide population by arable land area Agricultural Density ■ Ratio of # of farmers to amount of arable land ■ Divide the population of farmers by the arable land area Factors of Population Growth ● Measure pop. change in a country/world as a whole by these measures ○ Crude Birth Rate (CBR)- total number of live birth in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society ○ Crude Death Rate (CDR) - total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society ○ Natural Increase Rate (NIR)- percentage by which pop. grows in a year ■ CBR-CDR = NIR ■ Rate of natural increase affects the doubling time ● Doubling Time is the # of years needed to double the population with the assumption that a constant rate of natural increase ○ ○ Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) ■ Measure that is used to understand death rates in a society ■ Annual # of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births Total Fertility Rate (TFR) ■ Measure used to understand birth rate in society ■ average # of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (1549) ● ■ 2.5 for world ■ Above 5 in Sub-Saharan Africa ■ 2 or less in almost all European Countries Life Expectancy: The average # of years a newborn can be expected to live based on current mortality levels ● Developed Countries have lower rates and developing countries have higher rates of natural increase, crude birth, total fertility, and infant mortality ● Population Pyramid ○ Bar graph that can display a country’s population structure ■ ■ X-axis ● % male displayed to the left of zero ● % female displayed to the right of the zero Y-axis ● Age cohorts normally grouped in 5-year intervals ● Youngest at the bottom and oldest at the top Population Structure ● Dependency Ratio ○ # of people who are too young or old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years ■ ● Ppl. aged 0 to 14 and over 65 are considered dependents Sex Ratio ○ # of males per 100 females in the pop. Demographic and Epidemiologic Transition ● Demographic Transition Model (DMT) : Describes population trends over time between birth and death rates ○ Stage one: ■ Most of the world before industrial revolution ■ Birth and Death rates were very high ■ Population size remains fairly constant ● ○ Can have major changes such as pandemics or wars Stage two: ■ Into to modern medicine lowers death rate, especially children ○ ○ ○ ● ■ Birth rates are high ■ This results in rapid population growth ■ Many Least Developed Countries are in this stage Stage Three: ■ Birth rates gradually decrease ■ Result with improved economic conditions and access to contraceptives ■ Population growth continues at a lower rate ■ Most developing countries are at this stage Stage Four: ■ Birth and Death Rates are low ■ As a result, population is stabilized ■ Stronger economy, high levels of education, better healthcare ■ Most developed countries are here Stage Five: ■ Fertility Rates fall significantly ■ Elderly pop. is greater than youth pop. Epidemiologic Transition: health threats in each stage of the demographic transition ○ ○ Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine ■ High CDR ■ Infectious and Parasitic Diseases - black plague Stage 2: Receding Pandemic ■ Rapidly declining CDR ■ Pandemic: disease that happens over a huge geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population ■ Reduction of the spread of disease if from: ● ○ ● ● Improved sanitation, medicine, nutrition, healthcare Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases ■ Moderately Declining CDR ■ Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases ■ Increase in chronic disorders that happens from aging - cardiovascular diseases Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Disease ○ Low but increasing CDR ○ Deaths caused by chronic disorders delayed because medical advancements Stage 5 reasons as to why the possibility ○ Infectious disease evolve and are able to resist to antibiotics and other medical drugs ○ Infectious disease are more present in poor area because of unsanitary conditions and not being able to afford treatment ○ Transportation makes it more easier for an individual to be infected in one country to be in another country before showing any symptoms