APES Unit 2 Review

APES Unit 2 Review Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 3-1 THE NATURE OF SCIENCE 2. ANS: C DIF: D TOP: 3-1 THE NATURE OF SCIENCE 3. ANS: D DIF: D TOP: 3-1 THE NATURE OF SCIENCE 4. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 3-1 THE NATURE OF SCIENCE 5. ANS: C DIF: M TOP: 3-1 THE NATURE OF SCIENCE 6. ANS: E DIF: E TOP: 3-1 THE NATURE OF SCIENCE 7. ANS: D DIF: E TOP: 3-2 MODELS AND BEHAVIOR OF SYSTEMS 8. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 3-2 MODELS AND BEHAVIOR OF SYSTEMS 9. ANS: C DIF: M TOP: 3-2 MODELS AND BEHAVIOR OF SYSTEMS 10. ANS: A DIF: M TOP: 3-2 MODELS AND BEHAVIOR OF SYSTEMS 11. ANS: C DIF: M TOP: 3-2 MODELS AND BEHAVIOR OF SYSTEMS 12. ANS: B DIF: M TOP: 3-2 MODELS AND BEHAVIOR OF SYSTEMS 13. ANS: A DIF: M TOP: 3-2 MODELS AND BEHAVIOR OF SYSTEMS 14. ANS: A DIF: M TOP: 3-2 MODELS AND BEHAVIOR OF SYSTEMS 15. ANS: C DIF: M TOP: 3-2 MODELS AND BEHAVIOR OF SYSTEMS 16. ANS: B DIF: D TOP: 3-2 MODELS AND BEHAVIOR OF SYSTEMS 17. ANS: B DIF: D TOP: 3-2 MODELS AND BEHAVIOR OF SYSTEMS 18. ANS: A DIF: E TOP: 3-3 MATTER 19. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 3-3 MATTER 20. ANS: B DIF: M TOP: 3-3 MATTER 21. ANS: C DIF: E TOP: 3-3 MATTER 22. ANS: C DIF: M TOP: 3-3 MATTER 23. ANS: B DIF: M TOP: 3-3 MATTER 24. ANS: A DIF: E TOP: 3-3 MATTER 25. ANS: C DIF: M TOP: 3-3 MATTER 26. ANS: B DIF: D TOP: 3-3 MATTER 27. ANS: B DIF: M TOP: 3-4 ENERGY 28. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 3-4 ENERGY 29. ANS: B DIF: M TOP: 3-4 ENERGY 30. ANS: B DIF: E TOP: 3-4 ENERGY 31. ANS: B DIF: M TOP: 3-4 ENERGY 32. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 3-4 ENERGY 33. ANS: C DIF: E TOP: 3-4 ENERGY 34. ANS: C DIF: E TOP: 3-4 ENERGY 35. ANS: TOP: B DIF: D 3-5 THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER: A RULE WE CANNOT BREAK 36. ANS: TOP: B DIF: M 3-5 THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER: A RULE WE CANNOT BREAK 37. ANS: C DIF: E TOP: 3-6 NUCLEAR CHANGES 38. ANS: A DIF: E TOP: 3-6 NUCLEAR CHANGES 39. ANS: D DIF: E TOP: 3-6 NUCLEAR CHANGES 40. ANS: D DIF: D TOP: 3-6 NUCLEAR CHANGES 41. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 3-6 NUCLEAR CHANGES 42. ANS: TOP: D DIF: M 3-7 ENERGY LAWS: TWO RULES WE CANNOT BREAK 43. ANS: TOP: C DIF: M 3-7 ENERGY LAWS: TWO RULES WE CANNOT BREAK 44. ANS: TOP: D DIF: M 3-7 ENERGY LAWS: TWO RULES WE CANNOT BREAK 45. ANS: TOP: A DIF: M 3-7 ENERGY LAWS: TWO RULES WE CANNOT BREAK 46. ANS: TOP: D DIF: M 3-7 ENERGY LAWS: TWO RULES WE CANNOT BREAK 47. ANS: TOP: D DIF: M 3-8 MATTER AND ENERGY LAWS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS TRUE/FALSE 48. ANS: F DIF: E 49. ANS: F DIF: D 50. ANS: T DIF: M 51. ANS: F DIF: D 52. ANS: F DIF: M 53. ANS: T DIF: E 54. ANS: T DIF: M COMPLETION 55. ANS: ion DIF: D 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. ANS: neutrons DIF: M ANS: physical change DIF: E ANS: scientific hypothesis DIF: M ANS: kinetic energy DIF: D ANS: gravity DIF: E ANS: The second law of thermodynamics DIF: D Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Science a. studies the past to predict the future. b. attempts to discover order in nature to interpret the past. c. is best described as a collection of facts found through using scientific methods. d. uses data to formulate scientific laws, which form a basis for making predictions. e. is supported by small amounts of evidence. ____ 2. Which of the following behaviors would be least appreciated by the scientific community? a. observing patterns in nature b. hypothesizing about evidence c. overstating a claim d. arguing over alternative interpretations e. doing multiple experiments ____ 3. Scientists try to reduce errors in their observations and measurements by a. using standard procedures. b. repeating measurements several times and taking the average value. c. testing measuring devices against known samples. d. all of these answers e. none of these answers ____ 4. To explore what scientists generally agree about, you would most likely turn to a. the newspaper headlines. b. CNN. c. Popular Science. d. U.S. National Academy of Sciences publications. e. PBS. ____ 5. Frontier science a. is used in remote places. b. often deals with well documented data. c. d. e. often deals with untested models and hypotheses. can lead the public to think that science has all the answers. none of these answers ____ 6. Environmental science integrates knowledge from the disciplines of a. chemistry and physics. b. ecology. c. demography. d. economics and politics. e. all of these answers ____ 7. A model airplane is an example of a a. mathematical model. b. mental model. c. conceptual model. d. physical model. e. biological model. ____ 8. Human mental models tend to be unreliable when a. there are few interacting variables. b. we attempt to extrapolate from many experiences to a general case. c. the consequences occur immediately following causal events. d. consequences of one event lead to other consequences. e. responses do not vary from one time to the next. ____ 9. Human events that affect the environment are generally characterized by a. predictability in what happens because the environment is diverse. b. many experiences upon which to base our generalizations. c. long delays between events and responses. d. immediate feedback. e. none of these answers ____ 10. Which of the following is a property of a system? a. functions in a regular and predictable manner b. highly random in its function c. cannot be accurately modeled d. consists solely of inputs and outputs e. all of these answers ____ 11. A positive feedback loop is illustrated by all of the following except a. compound interest in a savings account. b. exponential population growth. c. a thermostat. d. the greenhouse effect. e. none of these answers ____ 12. Positive feedback loops a. accelerate change and go on infinitely. b. accelerate change and are finite. c. slow down change and go on infinitely. d. slow down change and are finite. e. does not affect a change. ____ 13. A negative feedback loop keeping a store stable is a. homeostasis. b. c. d. e. a synergistic interaction. leverage. chaos. all of these answers ____ 14. A thermostat keeping your house within a certain acceptable temperature range is an example of a. homeostasis. b. synergistic interaction. c. leverage. d. chaos. e. all of these answers ____ 15. Examples of a situation where a long time delay results in environmental degradation include a. clear-cutting a forest. b. building new four-lane highways. c. depletion of the ozone layer. d. fish kills from oil spills. e. all of these answers ____ 16. A synergistic effect a. results in a time delay. b. occurs when two or more factors interact to produce a greater effect than each would have separately. c. induces a positive feedback loop and results in continued interaction. d. occurs when two or more factors interact to produce a lesser effect than each would have separately. e. induces a negative feedback loop and results in continued interaction. ____ 17. The community knew the effects of Chemical X alone. They set a safe limit for its use. The community knew the effects of Chemical Z alone. They set a safe limit for its use. Unfortunately, both chemicals were released into the environment at their safe levels, and there were massive fish kills. The most probable explanation was the occurrence of a. homeostasis. b. a synergistic interaction. c. negative feedback. d. positive feedback. e. chaos. ____ 18. All of the following are elements except a. water. b. oxygen. c. nitrogen. d. hydrogen. e. carbon. ____ 19. N2 and O2 are examples of a. compounds consisting of two different elements. b. elements consisting of a compound and an ion. c. molecules consisting of two elements of the same compound. d. molecules consisting of two atoms of the same element. e. molecules consisting of two atoms of different elements. ____ 20. The atomic number is the number of a. atoms in a molecule. b. protons in an atom. c. d. e. neutrons in a molecule. electrons in an atom. protons, electrons, and neutrons. ____ 21. The atomic mass is equal to the sum of the a. neutrons and isotopes. b. neutrons and electrons. c. neutrons and protons. d. protons, neutrons, and electrons. e. isotopes, protons, and electrons. ____ 22. Covalent compounds a. are held together by ionic bonds. b. consist of networks of oppositely charged ions. c. share electrons between their constituent atoms. d. include ordinary table salt. e. are help together by very weak bonds. ____ 23. Forces of attraction between water molecules are called a. ionic bonds. b. hydrogen bonds. c. covalent bonds. d. compound bonds. e. hydrophobic interactions. ____ 24. All organic compounds are characterized by the presence of a. carbon. b. hydrogen. c. oxygen. d. nitrogen. e. sulfur. ____ 25. A parent and a kindergartner spent a half hour picking up all the toys and placing them on the shelves and in the drawers. The next evening, most of the toys were back on the floor. The concept which best describes this observation is a. conservation of matter. b. conservation of energy. c. entropy. d. kinetic energy. e. enthalpy. ____ 26. In order to make one plastic soda bottle, approximately 100 liters of crude oil are used (including raw materials for plastic, fuel, etc.), 100 kilograms of steel, 100 liters of water, and various amounts of other materials. Which of the following describes this situation? a. Plastic bottles have a high resource productivity. b. Plastic bottles have a low material efficiency. c. Plastic bottles represent an efficient use of resources. d. Most of the matter used to manufacture plastic bottles ends up in the bottle. e. none of these answers ____ 27. Energy can be formally defined as a. the random motion of molecules. b. the ability to do work and transfer heat. c. a force that is exerted over some distance. d. the movement of molecules. e. the loss of matter. ____ 28. Scientists classify energy as either a. b. c. d. e. chemical or physical. kinetic or mechanical. potential or mechanical. potential or kinetic. chemical or kinetic. ____ 29. All of the following are examples of kinetic energy except a. a speeding bullet. b. a stick of dynamite. c. a flow of electric current. d. a falling rock. e. flowing water. ____ 30. An example of potential energy is a. electricity flowing through a wire. b. the chemical energy in a candy bar. c. a bullet fired at high velocity. d. a leaf falling from a tree. e. water flowing. ____ 31. Which of the following is an example of low-quality energy? a. electricity b. heat in the ocean c. nuclei of uranium-235 d. coal e. food ____ 32. High-quality energy is needed to do all of the following except a. run electric lights. b. run electric motors. c. run electric appliances. d. heat the White House. e. run automobiles. ____ 33. The relative quality of normal sunlight is a. very high. b. high. c. moderate. d. low. e. very low. ____ 34. High-temperature industrial heat is least likely to be provided by a. nuclear fission. b. concentrated sunlight. c. dispersed geothermal energy. d. burning natural gas. e. oceans. ____ 35. All of the following statements can be concluded from the law of conservation of matter except a. We can't throw anything away because there is no away. b. We'll eventually run out of matter if we keep consuming it at current rates. c. There will always be pollution of some sort. d. Everything must go somewhere. e. We do not consume matter. ____ 36. Physical and chemical reactions a. always require energy. b. sometimes give off energy. c. involve changes in matter, but not energy. d. e. involve changes in energy, but not in matter. never require energy. ____ 37. Nuclear changes are governed by the a. law of conservation of matter. b. law of conservation of energy. c. law of conservation of matter and energy. d. law of entropy. e. law of enthalpy ____ 38. The most common form of energy released from radioisotopes is a. gamma rays. b. cosmic rays. c. X rays. d. ultraviolet rays. e. Y rays. ____ 39. Radioisotopes have been used to a. treat cancer. b. to detect pollution. c. to determine the age of fossils. d. all of these answers e. none of these answers ____ 40. Which of the following statements about nuclear fusion is false? a. During nuclear fusion, two nuclei of isotopes of light elements are forced together at high temperatures until they fuse and release energy. b. Fusion is the source of energy in the sun. c. High-temperature fusion is much harder to initiate but releases more energy per unit of fuel than fission. d. Controlled nuclear fusion reactors are being tested in California and will probably be ready to come on-line by the year 2030. e. none of these answers ____ 41. Which of the following is a likely product of a fusion reaction? a. alpha particles b. deuterium c. tritium d. helium e. beta particles ____ 42. The first law of energy tells us that a. doing work always creates heat. b. altering matter is the best source of energy. c. energy cannot be recycled. d. energy is neither created nor destroyed. e. energy cannot be converted. ____ 43. Energy input is a. usually greater than energy output. b. always greater than energy output. c. always equal to energy output. d. usually less than energy output. e. always less than energy output. ____ 44. Which of the following energy sources has the lowest quality? a. high-velocity water flow b. fuelwood c. d. e. food dispersed geothermal energy nuclear ____ 45. In an energy transformation, some of the energy usually ends up as a. heat energy that flows into the environment. b. mechanical energy that performs useful work. c. chemical energy that performs useful work. d. electrical energy that performs useful work. e. molecular energy that performs useful work. ____ 46. "You are a raft of order floating on the high seas of entropy." Which scientific law is best described by this analogy? a. Law of Conservation of Matter b. Law of Conservation of Energy c. Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy d. Second Law of Thermodynamics e. First Law of Thermodynamics ____ 47. A high-throughput economy sustains economic growth by a. minimizing the rate of energy resource use. b. minimizing the rate of energy and matter resource use. c. maximizing the rate of energy resource use. d. maximizing the rate of energy and matter resource use. e. maximizing the rate of matter resource use. True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. ____ 48. Atoms, ions, and molecules only occur in living organisms. ____ 49. According to the Law of Conservation of Matter, a chemical change in the atoms causes some destruction in the atom. ____ 50. Energy flow can be used to diagram the ecological interdependence of species. ____ 51. In a chemical change, matter may be moved by kinetic energy. ____ 52. Scientific hypotheses are laws that explain natural processes. ____ 53. Energy cannot be recycled. ____ 54. Burning coal demonstrates the first law of thermodynamics. Completion Complete each sentence or statement. 55. is an example of a(n) ____________________. 56. An atom of sodium has eleven protons and therefore has eleven ____________________. 57. When ice melts into liquid water a ____________________ has occurred. 58. Before an interpretation of an observation can become a theory, it must first be a testable ____________________. 59. When you release an abject from a high altitude, the object's potential energy converts to ____________________. 60. A feather and a brick both fall to the earth due to ____________________. 61. ____________________ explains why a barrel of oil can be used only once as fuel. Free Response The county government in one eastern state initiated an aluminum recycling program. Most of the aluminum is in the form of beverage cans. In the first year, the county collected 2.0 x 106 kg of cans. It takes about 65 modern alu minum cans to make a kilogram. All communities in the county have curb-side pickup of recycled materials. On average, each truck makes a 75-km trip to pick up 2,500 kg of aluminum and gets 10 km/L fuel economy. Each liter of fuel produces 42,000 kJ energy and costs $1.25 per liter. Show all your work. 1. How many cans did the county collect in the first year? 2. To the nearest whole number, how many trips were needed to collect all the cans? 3. Calculate how many liters of fuel the trucks used to pick up the cans. 4. How many kilojoules (KJ) of energy were consumed collecting the cans? 5. Making cans from recycled aluminum requires about 180 kJ of energy per can. Calculate the total energy needed to make cans from recycled aluminum, including the energy used to collect them. 6. It takes 1,520 kj of energy to make one aluminum can from bauxite ore. Assuming no other energy is used, calculate how much energy is needed to make the cans from bauxite ore. 7. Calculate the energy difference between the two methods. How many liters of fuel are saved by recycling the cans? 1. How much money was saved in fuel costs