Manifest Destiny The Science Behind Westward Expansion

5.2 Notes -The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West. ● Oregon trail and oregon fever led to good farming lands in Oregon, California and Pacific Northwest ● Mexico set native americans free New England merchants moved in to get access to cowhides leather intermarried with mexican ranchers -Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the United States to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean. ● Farmers can gain more land in West Push Republican values in "inferior" Native Americans ● Manifest destiny coined by journalist john O’ Sullivan in 1845 as American began moving to reach Pacific Coast via Oregon -Westward migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation promoting western transportation and economic development. ● Transcontinental railroad flung a transportation network across the continent, with other railroads filling in ● National banking regulation reinforced on local and state banks modern fiscal system emerged from the civil war ● High protective tariffs U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with Asia. ● After revolutionary war, merchants began trading with China for silk, spices, porcelain, etc ● Seward also got the Burlingame Treaty with China in 1868, guaranteeing rights of american missionaries in China Explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. ● Cause-Prospects for mineral extraction and the gold rush (silver in Nevada) Working in the cattle sector; the chance to be a "cowboy" Railroad travel to the West is faster, and supplies are more readily available as a result of the railroad. ● Effect-This expansion stimulated arguments over the future of slavery in the West, escalating tensions between the North and South, and eventually leading to the breakdown of American democracy and a horrific civil war. 5.3 Notes The United States added large territories in the West through victory in the Mexican– American War and diplomatic negotiations, raising questions about the status of slavery, American Indians, and Mexicans in the newly acquired lands. ● Taylor won quickly, as did Polk’s military commanders; all american southwest rapidly; winfield scott sent into Mexico when Mexico refused to offer peace ● 1846 election saw anti war whigs seize control of congress wilmot proviso argue for complete ban on slavery in captured teritories ● Treaty of Guadalupe promised citizenship for native Americans and Mexicans, but it was largely ignored U.S. government interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans and American Indians increased in regions newly taken from American Indians and Mexico, altering these groups’ economic self-sufficiency and cultures. ● Farmers often took away land from Mexican-American through courts or pressure to sell ● Colorado militia committed the 1864 sand creek massacre against the cheyenne, leading to all out war Explain the causes and effects of the Mexican– American War ● Cause-ideas of Manifest Destiny; election of James K Polk 1844 (promises Texas, Oregon,California); failed attempts to purchase California; instigation of war 1846 ● Effect-The conflict had an impact on the United States, particularly Texas, as well as Mexico. Mexico suffered a loss of life, economic catastrophe, and significant property destruction. The United States obtained vast new swaths of territory. 5.4 The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories ● Wilmot Proviso (accepted by House because most were Northerners, rejected in Senate because there was an equal amount of Northern (free) and Southern (slave) states The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1850. ● Slaves were property and couldn't be taken away Congress didn't have power to regulate slave territories Explain the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after the Mexican–American War. ● The Mexican Cession sparked passionate debates about whether slavery should be permitted in the newly acquired territory.The Compromise of 1850 was one of several attempts by the courts and national officials to address the question of slavery in the territories. 5.5 Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in the United States from Europe and Asia, mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs. ● Irish form a backbone of the labor force in eastern U.S both for factories and construction railroads and canals ● Chines, like the irish and the german and other ethnic groups typical lived in ethnic cluster often enforced by poverty and racism A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting new immigrants’ political power and cultural influence. ● Poor protestants often angry at catholic immigrants out of fear for job competition ● In California, anti immigration was aimed predominantly at asians, law similar to those used against slaves and blacks in the south were passed in california. Explain the effects of immigration from various parts of the world on American culture from 1844 to 1877. ● 5.6 The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict. ● The DRED SCOTT DECISION was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court, which held that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and thus had no standing to sue in federal court, and that the federal government had no authority to regulate slavery in federal territories acquired after the United States was founded. The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North. ● The Second Party System during this time period was dominated mostly by the Democratic Party and the Whigs. The Second Party System reflected the political, economic, social, and cultural views of the era. Explain the political causes of the Civil War. ● the foundation of the Republican Party, and, most importantly, Abraham Lincoln's election as president in 1860. With the help of clergy and abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison, religious resistance to slavery grew. 5.7 Abraham Lincoln’s victory on the Republicans’ free-soil platform in the presidential election of 1860 was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes. After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War. ● Abraham Lincoln preserved the Union during the Civil War and led the north to victory. He also issued the Emancipation Proclamation which partially freed some slaves from slavery. Describe the effects of Lincoln’s election. ● After this election (SC was the first), the South begins to secede, claiming that their rights were being threatened and that they had lost too much power; sitting president Buchanan does nothing during the lame duck period; Lincoln takes the oath of office in 1861, with the Deep South having seceded; Lincoln states that he will not threaten slavery where it exists; The Upper South does not leave until April 1861, when the war at Fort Sumter begins; several slave-holding border states stay in the union. 5.8 Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while facing considerable home front opposition. ● The Confederacy seceded from the Union and went to war with the Union during the Civil war. The Confederacy consisted of 11 southern states, that felt threatened because of the use of slavery in their agricultural based economy. Although the Confederacy showed military initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South’s infrastructure. ● The north had advantages going into the war such as it was industrialized with railroads, factories and other advanced technologies of the time. It was also urbanized giving the north more manpower and soldiers to fight in the war. The north most importantly succeeded in restoring the union and abolishing slavery in the United States. Explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. ● The Confederacy did well early in the war due to tactics and leadership, as the war went along the North promoted better leaders (Grant) and used its material/demographic advantages to overwhelm the South. ● Union mobilization (factories make war goods, railroads deliver them, Western farmers provide food, and men are drafted to supply troops - massive demographic advantage); Confederate mobilization (low resources owing to a lack of industry, railroads, and a food farm; small population made replacing soldiers difficult) 5.9 Notes Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War to preserve the Union, but Lincoln’s decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers. Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy. ● Lincoln argued that secession was a betrayal of the public and the war would be about preserving the union ● Lincoln then issued the emancipation proclamation, which freed no slaves in the north and gave the south a chance to protect slavery if they renounced secesion by January 1, 1863 Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg Address to portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America’s founding democratic ideals. ● Ensured all men were created equal Kept European countries from aiding South Boosted Union moral ● Lincoln constantly to reunite the nation, as seen in his gentle treatment of states which were recovered during the war Explain how Lincoln’s leadership during the Civil War impacted American ideals over the course of the war. ● All slaves in states remaining in rebellion were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation of 1862, which made the war about slavery and prevented Europeans from interfering to maintain slavery. The Gettysburg Address in 1863, Abraham Lincoln declared a "new birth of freedom" that would "fulfill the founders' intentions for all people." ● During the war, African Americans helped the North beat the South by serving in the military. 5.10 The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and 15th amendments granted African Americans citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights. ● South proceeded to try and put former slaves back into slavery, with black codes and violence, johnson bungling led cogress to promote the 14th amendment, which made birth in the U.S the definition of citizenship. The women’s rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution. ● Women who had supported abolitionist for decades were furious that their rights to vote wasn’t including in the 15th amendment Explain the effects of government policy during Reconstruction on society from 1865 to 1877. Women were not included in the Reconstruction amendments; Susan B. Anthony was arrested for voting in the 1872 election, she argued she was a citizen by the 14th Amendment and could therefore vote, she lost 5.11 Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region’s land even after Reconstruction. Former slaves sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks’ and poor whites’ access to land in the South. ● Contracts bound signer to permanent and unrestricted labor ● Plantation owners owned majority of land ● North never enacted promise implied by the sherman lands of forty acre and a mule Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights, but the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century. ● Presidential policy (giving Johnson power to grant individual pardons to "disloyal" southerners KKK ● The collapse of freedmen's bureau, U.S v. Cruikshank overturning of civil rights acts,end of reconstruction all left of 14th and 15th amendment unenforced until 1950s and 1960s Explain how and why Reconstruction resulted in continuity and change in regional and national understandings of what it meant to be American. ● The former slaves were given a plot of land and “shared” a portion of their crops as rent; new version of farming that tied former slaves to land, often for generations, very similar to slavery ● The african american were forced to separate facilities because of the segregation -Civil rights cases-legalize segregation in private facilities