Civics EOC Review With Answers

CIVICS EOC REVIEW Geographic 1. Northern Colonies MA, CT, RI Middle Colonies PA, MD, DE, NJ, NY Southern Colonies NC, SC, GA, VA Name_______________________ Economic Rocky soil, ragged coastlines, harsh winters Furs, fishing, timber, trade, shipbuilding Flat land, warm climate, harbors and ports, fertile soil Cash cropstobacco, indigo, rice Political Direct democracy through town meetings, government influenced by religion Ports and Livestock, iron, People with $$ are harbors, wheat, barley, most influential, “bread basket” corn, fishing, proprietary colonies shipping Religious Wanted religious freedom (Puritans/ Separatists) in England, religious fanaticism results in Salem Witch Trials Religious freedom (MD- Catholics, PA-Quakers) Royal colonies – king not religious will appoint governor and legislature, GA-debtor’s colony 2. What were the purposes of the following colonial organizations: joint stock company: investors want to make $$$$$ off of colony proprietary: king grants land to friend- friend makes rules for the colony royal: king grants land to friend- king makes rules for the colony 3. Illustrate the movement of goods and people in the triangular trade route. America Europe Middle Passage 3. What role did slaves and indentured servants play in the colonies? Cheap source of labor for agricultural use Africa 4. What is mercantilism? England buys cheap natural resources from the colonies, turns them into finished goods to sell back to the colonies- hoping to achieve major profit, and a favorable balance of trade 5. Where was the first permanent English settlement in North America? Jamestown 6. What was the Virginia House of Burgesses? What English tradition influenced its structure? First Legislative body in the colonies – 1619 Parliament influenced structure 7. Who landed at Plymouth and why did they leave England? 1 Puritans – looking for religious freedom 8. What is a compact? Written agreement 9. What did the Mayflower Compact create? Rules to govern Plymouth colony – direct democracy through town meetings 10. What two bodies made up the government of each of the 13 colonies? legislative body & governor 11. How was the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut similar to the Mayflower Compact? Create governments in colonies 12. Enlightenment Thinkers Main Ideas Locke -Natural rights – life, liberty, property - consent of governed – when you lose consent of governed, they can replace you- “social contract” Hobbes -Absolute rule by kings – government absolutely has to exist – life without is poor, nasty, solitary, brutish, short Influence Thomas Jefferson – Declaration of Independence Montesquieu Separation of powers – no one group should have power Constitution’s creation of three governmental branches Rousseau Social contract – idea that you have a bargain with Declaration of people you are ruling – when two sides can no longer Independence agree, gov’t can be replaced 13. How did the Magna Carta limit the power of the English king? 1215 – king could not take away the rights of the nobles – have certain rights – e.g. trial by jury 14. How did the English Bill of Rights limit the power of the government? Extended the rights that were in Magna Carta to all people 15. How did the Albany Plan of Union encourage self-government in the colonies? Creation of Benjamin Franklin – in battles with Native Americans that the American colonies needed to stand as one against the natives—previously allowed Britain to fight for us 16. What was salutary neglect? King leaving colonies alone to rule themselves until after the French and Indian War How will colonists’ feelings toward this practice change in 1763? 2 King ended salutary neglect, restricted movement of the colonists, and raised taxes— colonists weren’t happy 17. How did the economic practice of mercantilism cause colonists to feel about mother England? Not happy about having their only choice of goods being British—were not allowed to trade unless it was on English ships—they saw that England was profiting from mercantilism 18. Know how each event led to calls for independence by the colonists: French and Indian WarTea ActProclamation of 1763Quartering Act- Boston Tea Party (1773)- Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts- Stamp Act (1765)“NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION” First Continental Congress- Stamp Act CongressLexington and ConcordDeclaratory Act- Townshend Act- Boston Massacre (1770)- Common Sense- written by Thomas Paine, argued that it was just “common sense” to break away from Great Britain Second Continental Congress-1) met as a response to Lexington and Concord 2) voted to break away from Britain, 3) selected George Washington as commander of Continental Army, 4) sign Declaration of Independence, 5) write first constitution called the Articles of Constitution 19. How did boycotts play a role in colonial rebellion? Colonists refused to buy British goods—created a feeling in Parliament of unease, which made them end the taxes in some cases, and enact revenge in others 20. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? Thomas Jefferson Whose ideas influenced its content? John Locke 21. What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence? To declare independence from Great Britain and list the grievances against the King 3 22. What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 create? Created ways that the Northwest Territories could become states 23. How was the government structured under the Articles of Confederation? One branch-legislative-all 13 states had to agree to make a law No federal taxes, voluntary military (mainly state militia), no way to enforce laws made by Congress 24. How did Shay’s Rebellion change people’s opinions about the Articles of Confederation? Central government could not “squash” the rebellion What issue was at the center of the rebellion? taxation 25. What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? No federal taxes, voluntary military (mainly state militia), no way to enforce laws made by Congressno executive branch, all 13 states had to agree to make a law (unanimously) so it was nearly impossible to make a new law 26. What was the purpose of the Constitutional Convention? Revise the Articles of Confederation How was the Convention conducted? In secret George Washington presided Who is called the “father of the Constitution?” James Madison 27. Constitutional Compromises Issue 4 28. Compare the views of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists on government. Federalists Anti-Federalists People People Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson James Madison John Jay Who should have power? Central government/federal govt’ Who should have power? States Interpretation of the Constitution “strict interpretation” Interpretation of the Constitution Loose interpretation- like exercising implied powers Rights Rights To protect rights of the citizens from violation by federal gov’t 29. What was the purpose of the Federalist Papers? To convince the state of NY to adopt the Constitution 30. Explain the key principles included in the Constitution? Separation of Powers- power of the national government is spread between 3 branches so that no one branch is more powerful than another Checks and Balances- each branch has the power to check (or limit) the powers of the other two branches. Ex- Congress can override veto of Pres, impeach Pres., approve members to the SC Rule of Law- every one has to follow the same rules, even the President Exception- high government jobs carry immunity Popular Sovereignty- people have the power- shown by voting Federalism- powers of government are shared between national and state governments- with Federal govt having more power 31. When was the Constitution ratified? Sept. 17, 1787 32. What was the purpose of the Bill of Rights? to protect the rights of individuals from being abused by the Federal government Who pushed for the inclusion of a bill of rights to the Constitution? The Anti-Federalists 33. KNOW THE BILL OF RIGHTS AND ALL AMENDMENTS 5 34. Types of Governments Democracy- Rule by the people Dictatorship/Totalitarian- government Direct democracy- people are allowed to controls all aspects of human life, may have a direct say in the running of restrict personal and religious freedoms. government- Ex. everyone votes on a law Rule by one person who controls all Representative democracy- we elect aspects of government people to represent our interests in government and make choices for us Theocracy- government based on Oligarchy- rule by a few individuals religious ideas and leader may be a religious leader Ex. Pope as leader of Vatican City Monarchy- rule by a King or Queeninherited position Goal 2 1. What is stated in the Preamble? Purposes of new government- establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, secure the future for upcoming generations “We the people..” = government= people 2. What is “full faith and credit?” Laws are one state are recognized by other states 3. How does the Constitution allow for flexibility? Amendment process, amendment 9 says that citizens have other rights than those listed in the Constitution, EXERCISING THE IMPLIED POWERS 4. What are implied powers? Ones that are not specifically listed in the Constitution What clause of the Constitution allows for them to be used? Elastic/ Necessary and Proper 5. Powers of government 6 6. How does the Constitution create a framework for the US government? Article 1-Legislative Article 5- Amendment process Article 2-Executive Article 6- Supremacy Clause Article 3- Judicial Article 7- says the Constitution becomes valid (ratified) when 9 states agree to it Article 4- Relation among States 7. Who is the leader of the House of Representatives? Speaker of the House 8. Who is the official leader of the Senate? VP of the US What is their only official role in the Senate? Vote in a tie 9. Who is the leader of the Senate in their absence? President pro Tempore 10. How are legislative districts drawn? based on population, redrawn every 10 years after census, drawn by state legislatures Legislative districts are strangely drawn to elect a particular party/race- Gerrymandering 11. What are the requirements to be a member of The Senate? 30 citizen for 9 resident of state The House of Representatives? 25 citizen for 7 resident of state (traditional to be district) 12. What are the non-legislative powers of Congress? Declare war, levy taxes, approval of Presidential appointments, House elects president if Electoral College does not, approve Presidential treaties 13. How is the committee system used in Congress? Standing- permanent, conference- work out differences in bills, joint- members of both houses, Select- temporary, have special investigations/jobs- 9-11Commission, Warren Commission, Baseball steroids 14. What must happen in order for a bill to become a law? See “I’m Just a Bill” 15. How can Congress override a presidential veto? 2/3 vote of both houses 16. What tactic is used in the Senate to delay a vote on a bill so that it dies? Filibuster- talking on and on about a bill. Ended by a 2/3 vote for cloture “closure- to end debate” 7 17. How can Congress limit the power of the President? Override Pres. veto, impeach, power to approve/not approve treaties and Presidential appointments to Cabinet/Ambassador 18. Explain the 7 roles of the President. Chief Executive- hires and fires workers in his administration, Commander in Chief- power over the armed forces (Army, Navy, Marines, Coast Guard) Chief Diplomat- makes treaties, meets with leaders for foreign nations and ambassadors Economic Leader- makes sure the economy moves smoothly- visits job sites Party Leader- leader of his/her political party, campaigns for other members of the party who are running for elected office Legislative Leader- delivers the state of the union address, proposes the federal budget Head of State- represents our country at events- throwing out first pitch in baseball season, lighting national Christmas tree, hosting foreign dignitaries How does the 25th amendment describe presidential succession? Vice President will assume the role of the President if he dies/become incapacitated. New President has power to pick new VP. 20. How does the Presidential Succession Act describe presidential succession? VP🡪 Speaker of the House🡪 President Pro Tempore🡪 Secretary of State🡪 followed by all other Presidential Cabinet secretaries in order of when Dept. was created. 21. How can the president bypass the non-legislative powers of Congress? Can make Executive Agreements with leaders other nations instead of treaties. Executive agreements do not have to be approved by Congress. 22. Who makes up the US Supreme Court? 8 Associate Justices, 1 Chief Justice= 9 justices 19. Who appoints them? President Who approves them? Senate (first a hearing by Judiciary committee, then a vote of the full Senate will occur) 23. Examples of Jurisdiction Original Jurisdiction Power to hear cases at the Federal level first Belongs always to District court and SC in a few cases Appellate Jurisdiction Power to hear cases appealed from lower courts Belongs to Appeals court Concurrent Jurisdiction Exclusive Jurisdiction Court case could be heard by either Federal or Case can be heard only in Federal court State courts. SC has power to hear cases Some crimes violate both Federal and State lawseither court count try them 24. What limits on power does the Legislative branch have? Can not pass ex post facto laws (makes something illegal after the fact), pass bills of attainder (be punished without a jury trial), suspend writ to habeas corpus (bring suspect to court and be told what they are being charged with). Congress can not pass laws that violate the Constitution. SC can declare laws passed by Congress as unconstitutional, President can veto laws passed by Congress. 25. What limits on power does the Executive branch have? 8 Congress can impeach President (House brings charges, Senate conducts trial and votes on the articles of impeachment); Congress can veto treaties made by President; SC can rule Presidential actions unconstitutional 26. How can the Constitution be changed? Amendments= 2/3 vote by both houses of Congress, and ¾ of all states must approve for it to be added to the Constitution 27. How can the Constitution be “informally” changed? Different interpretations of the constitution by the SC 28. How have Constitutional amendments changed suffrage rights throughout US history? 14th- suffrage to African Americans, 19th- suffrage to women, 23rd- DC residents vote, 24th- ends poll taxes, 26th amendment- voting age changed from 21 to 18 29. Supreme Court Cases Implied powers of the Constitution Plessy v. Ferguson Brown v. Board of Education Judicial Review Marbury v. Madison Elastic Clause McColloch v. Maryland Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Gibbons v. Ogden Korematsu v. US Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US Individual Rights Furman v. GeorgiaGregg v. Georgia- Tinker v. Des MoinesHazelwood v. Kuhlmeier- Gideon v. WainwrightTexas v. JohnsonRegents of the University of California v. BakkeEngel v. VitaleNew Jersey v. TLO- Miranda v. Arizona- Bethel School District v. Fraser9 Mapp v. OhioIn re Gault30. 31. Why have civil liberties been limited during times of crisis? Fear of attack/security of the nation overrides personal freedom- ex- World War II Japanese internment; 9/11 aftermath- Patriot Act What are some services governments provide? Federal- military protection, Medicare/Medicaid, Social Security State- Education, health services, 32. Define revenue: Government income- raised through taxes, utility user fees 33. Fill in the chart: What it is Income tax levied by federal and state governments on individuals and corporations- taxed on the amount of money you make in a calendar year Sales tax levied by state governments on items purchased Type (progressive, regressive, etc.) Progressive- those with higher incomes pay more Regressive- although everyone pays the same %, the percentage of total income spent on this tax is highest at the lowest income levels regressive Payroll tax Social Security and Medicare automatically deducted from paycheck by the federal government Excise tax tax placed on specific items, usually alcohol, regressive tobacco, or gasoline- sometimes called “sin” tax, used to discourage consumption Estate and gift taxes taxes that are paid on property after it is inherited Customs duties taxes placed on products that are brought into the country from foreign nations 32. What is the largest expenditure of the federal government? Varies- generally social security, but currently defense is highest 33. What is Medicare? Medicaid? Heatlth care provided by Federal government- cost is shared with state and local governments. Medicare is for elderly, Medicaid is for low income 34. What is the difference between a Progressive Tax and a Regressive Tax? Progressive taxes create low tax burdens on those with low incomes and higher tax burdens as income increases. Regresssive creates higher tax burdens on low income and lower tax burdens on higher incomes 35. Describe each of the following Regressive Taxes: a. Social Security Tax- above b. Excise Tax- above c. Property Tax- tax that is paid to local governments for houses as well as automobiles. d. Sales- above 10 36. Describe each of the following Progressive Taxes: a. Income Tax: above b. Corporate income Tax: above 37. What government agencies protect the safety of citizens? Crime Control National Transportation Security Federal FBI, US Army, Navy, Department of Marshals Marines, Coast Transportation Guard State SBI, State Trooper, Highway Patrol, DMV Local Sheriff, Metropolitan Police National Guard Immigration ICE Border Patrol Department of Transportation, DMV Municipal Transit Authorities (CATS in Charlotte, ex) Forming Policies Within the executive branches of each level of government, different agencies are responsible for forming policies GOAL 3: 1. How many constitutions has North Carolina had? 3- 1776, 1867, and 1971 2. What is a charter? Permission given my government in order to form local governments What role does the NC government play in the creation of local governments? New counties and cities must obtain a charter from the NC General Assembly before they can organize 3. What branches of state government does the NC Constitution create? Executive, legislative, and judicial 4. Fill in the chart: BRANCH WHO MAKES IT UP Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Governor’s Executive Cabinet (appointed by Governor), and the Council branch of State (elected by the people of North Carolina Legislative General Assembly composed of two houses- House of Representative (120) and Senate (50 members) branch WHAT IS THE JOB Enforce the laws passed by the General Assembly Make laws of North Carolinacalled Statutes Committees of General Assembly Judicial branch State Supreme, Appeals, Superior (felonies), and District Courts (misdemeanors) Interprets the laws and Constitution of North Carolina 11 5. Where in the North Carolina Constitution do we find the rights of citizens? Article I of the NC Constitution is called the Declaration of Rights- listing the rights of NC citizens 6. How can the North Carolina constitution be changed? Amendments- must be put on ballot and approved by the citizens of NC in a referendum 7. Who rules on matters affecting the state’s constitution? The NC Supreme Court 8. What is meant by “equal protection of the laws”? everyone, regardless of race, gender, age, is protected by the law but the law is also applied equally to everyone 9. How does the 14th amendment restrict the actions of states? s amendment provides a broad definition of United States citizenship, superseding the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford that had excluded African Americans. The amendment requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons (not only to citizens) within their jurisdictions and was used in the mid-20th century to dismantle legal segregation, as in Brown v. Board of Education. 10. What power did the governor of North Carolina not have before 1996? The power to veto legislation passed by the General Assembly. 11. What are the sources of tax money for the state of North Carolina and local governments? State Local Personal and corporate income taxes property taxes Sales tax utility user fees Excise taxes intergovernmental revenues- from other levels intergovernmental revenues- from other of government levels of gov’t 12. Name ways that state and local governments can pay for major projects. Unlike the federal government, state and local governments are not allowed to run deficits. To pay for major projects, state and local governments may borrow money for major projects- they do this by financing bonds. Ex. school bonds, parks and rec bonds, and the Community College bonds 13. Give examples of services provided by state and local governments. State Local Court system, public schools, consumer Elections, jails, mental health services, public Protection (Attorney General’s office), schools, social services, utilities, cemeteries, highways, prisons and mental institutions, libraries, street lights, traffic control, animal state parks shelters, fire protection, land use regulation (zoning, annexation), parks, public housing, solid waste collection, water supply, airports 14. What is an appropriations bill? A legislative bill giving money to particular government programs 15. What is the largest source of income for: 12 a. State Governments- individual income tax b. Local Governments- utility user fees 16. Why does Gaston County Schools answer to the Gaston County Board of Commissioners? Gaston County Schools, which is a special district called an LEA (Local Education Authority), creates the budget for GCS and hires the superintendent. The Gaston County Board of Commissioners gives Gaston County Schools its money to operate so they have much power over the county school. 17. What was the ruling in the Leandro case? That while everyone is entitled to receive an education in NC, funding does not have to be equal because some districts have more low income students which requires more money to educate. 18. What was the ruling in State v. Mann? Supreme power of the NC Constitution- slave owners have absolute power over their slaves. 19. What is the difference between a Strong Mayor system and Weak Mayor System? strong mayors and weak mayors are all elected by the people- weak mayors can only vote at city council meetings if there is a tie. strong mayors have strong executive powers. most NC cities have weak mayors. GOAL 4 1. What is a political Party and what are the functions of Political Parties? A group of citizens with common interests who form to get candidates of their own party elected to office. 1. selecting and supporting candidates through nomination 2. inform citizens about issues 3. act as a watchdog- watching the moves of the other party and warning public if necessary 4. operate the government 5. linking the levels of government- ensuring cooperation between fed, state, and local govt 2. What party system do we have in the US? Two party system What are the major parties? Democrats and Republicans 3. What are third parties? Small, minor political parties Why do they run for office even though they know they will not win? They want to influence policy: historically successful third parties initially promoted ideas that were unpopular with Dems and Republicans. Eventually their policy would be adopted by the mainstream parties (Ex. Populists- 8 hour work day, direct election of senators; Progressives- initiatives and referendums) 4. How are parties in a multiparty system able to achieve their political agenda? Multiparty system governments will cause the parties to make agreements with other parties, called consensus. Two or more parties join together to form a majority 5. What are the requirements to vote in North Carolina? Be a citizen of the US, 18 years old, live in your residence for 30 days, not serving sentence as a felon, be registered to vote 6. Define each of the following: a. Primary Election- vote in one party’s primary, select person to represent the party in the general election 13 b. Caucus- meetings of local party organizations where a nominee is picked c. Nominating Convention- held every four years, where delegates nominate their candidates for President and Vice President. Delegates were distributed according to primary and caucus wins 7. What are the various ways your opinion can be influenced? Personal background (family, religious background, race, income, occupation) Mass media- newspapers, tv, internet, radio, magazines, movies, music, books Interest groups- groups with a common interest who try to influence public official and public opinion 8. What three levels of organization are there in political parties? What is the job/goal of each of these levels? Federal State Local /Precinct Put on the national nominating Focus on electing party each city or county is convention for President/ VP members to state office- governor, divided into election attorney general, state legislature districts called precincts Write platform at convention Encourage voter turnout campaign committees- elect on election day, organize members to Congress and poll workers on election day, distribute leaflets about candidates, register voters Elect local officialssheriff, mayor, etc. Work at the “Grassroots” or neighborhood level 9. What is a precinct? A geographic area that contains a specific number of voters. All voters in a precinct cast their ballots at the same polling place. 10. What is the difference between a plank and a platform? Platform- a series of statements expressing the party’s overall principles and beliefs Plank- individual issues- what the party will do about _____ issue if they are elected 11. What are the five groups on the political spectrum? Liberals Conservatives Moderate Radicals Reactionaries 12. What is the difference between an Initiative and Referendum? Both are issue votes that occur on the state or local level. Initiatives- a way for citizens to propose new laws or state Constitutional amendments. Supporters gather signatures, and when there are enough, the proposition goes on the ballot. Referendum- a way for citizens to approve or reject laws proposed by legislative bodies. Ex- school bonds, liquor by the drink 14 13. Define and give examples of each: a. Duty-things that citizens are required to do under penalty: obey laws, pay taxes, serve in military if drafted, serve on jury, testify in court b. Responsibility- things that citizens should do voluntarily: vote, be informed, respect rights of others, volunteer c. Volunteerism- work done with no expectation of compensation ($$$) 14. What is a primary election? Defined earlier 15. Explain the job of the Electoral College? Indirect method of electing the president. Each state’s winner in Presidential election receives all of the states’ EC votes. This is called the “Winner take all” system. EC votes are determined by adding the number of senators + number of HoR 16. What role do interest groups play in the political process? Promote the ideas of their members- interest groups use lobbyists to try to persuade law makers, make propaganda 17. What is the job of a lobbyist? Representatives of interest groups who contact lawmakers or other government officials directly make sure laws are passed that are favorable to their interest group, make sure laws are upheld and enforced in court 18. What is the purpose of having laws? Prevent people from harming each other, regulate our interactions with others 19. What are characteristics of good laws? Fair to all, reasonable, understandable, enforceable 20. What are some consequences of not obeying the laws? Prison, jail, community service, probation, fine 21. Examples of ways conflicts can be resolved. Trial, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) GOAL 5 1. Explain and give an example of each of the following types of Conflict Resolution a. Mediation third party listens to each side b. Arbitration third party makes a legally binding decision for both sides 2. What happens to a bill that is introduced in and passed by the House of Representatives? Goes to appropriate senate committee and then to full Senate for approval 3. What happens to a bill passed by the House with a slightly different version in the Senate? A conference committee consisting of members of both Houses is created to work out the differences. The new version then must be passed by the House and Senate 4. Define jurisdiction: the ability to hear and decide cases 15 5. What kinds of cases are handled by federal courts? Constitutional issues, violations federal laws, disputes between states, disputes between citizens of different states, lawsuit involving the federal government, disputes with foreign governments and treaties, violations of admiralty and maritime law (oceans), US Diplomats 6. Define civil cases: 7. Define criminal cases: 8. What are the steps in a criminal trial? 9. What are the steps in a civil trial? 16