Lipids. Structure and Classification

University:
American Career College
Course:
NURS112 | Fundamentals of Nursing
Academic year:

2019
Views:

435

Pages:

42
Author:

xxor

FATTY ACID 4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 –COOH Mostly 4-36 carbons 2 FATTY ACID 3 COMMON FATTY ACIDS name Butyric acid Lauric acid Myristic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Arcachidic acid )eicosanoic acid( Tetracosanoic acid Lignoceric acid Number of carbons 4:0 12:0 14:0 16:0 18:0 20:0 24:0 4 Fatty acids Short chain 4-8 Medium chain 8-12 Long chain 12-18 Very long chain 18> 5 MELTING POINT OF FATTY ACIDS Number of carbon atoms 4:0 8:0 14:0 16:0 18:0 Melting point 7.9 16.7 53.9 63.1 69.0 6 CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 –COOH Saturated fatty acid 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 CH3 – CH – CH – CH = CH – CH – CH –COOH 2 2 2 2 Unsaturated fatty acid 7 Fatty acids Unsaturated saturated Mono unsaturated Poly unsaturated (PUFA) 8 NUMBERING OF FATTY ACIDS 4 3 7 2 6 1 8 5 CH3 – CH – CH – CH – CH – CH – CH 2 2 2 2 2 2 –COOH or C8:0 8:0 9 NUMBERING OF FATTY ACIDS WITH DOUBLE BOND 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C = C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – COOH 9;18:1 or 18:1(D9) 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 C – C – C – C – C – C = C – C – C = C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – COOH 9,12;18:2 or 18:2(D9,12) 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 C – C – C = C – C – C = C – C – C = C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – COOH or 18:3(D 9,12,15 ) 9,12,15;18:3 10 NUMBERIN  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C = C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – COOH -9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 C – C – C – C – C – C = C – C – C = C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – COOH -6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 C – C – C = C – C – C = C – C – C = C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – COOH 11 -3 CIS AND TRANS ISOMERS H H H C=C C=C CH3 CH3 Cis CH3 H CH3 trans 12 Oleic acid Trans- oleic acid Oleic acid Cis- oleic acid C18:1;9  trans  Melting point: 44oC  C18:1;9  cis  Melting point 13.5oC  13 STRUCTURE OF CIS AND TRANS FATTY ACIDS 14 CIS AND TRANS FATTY ACIDS 15 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DOUBLE BONDS C=C oxygen Malondialdehyde ketohydroxide epoxide peroxide 16 Rancidity GLYCEROL 19 STERIC BOND FORMATION alcohol Carboxylic acid 20 SIMPLE LIPIDS Simple lipids are esters of glycerol and fatty acids  Fats  Oils  waxes 21 TRIACYL GLYCEROL 22 TRIACYLGLYCEROL WITH UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS 23 TRIACYLGLYCEROL 24 COMPLEX LIPIDS Phospholipids  Sphingophospholipids  Glycolipids  25 PHOSPHOLIPIDS OH phosphatidic acid Alcohol 26 PHOSPHOLIPIDS glycerol Fatty acid Fatty acid phosphate Ethanolamine Phosphatidylethanolamine )cephalin( found in cell membranes 2 PHOSPHOLIPIDS glycerol Fatty acid Fatty acid phosphate Choline Phosphatidylcholine )lecithin( 28 LECITHIN IMPORTANCE found in cell membranes  Is used for cholesterol metabolism  Makes surfactant  Dipalmitoyl lecithin is a very effective surface-active agent and a major constituent of the surfactant preventing adherence, due to surface tension, of the inner surfaces of the lungs  Its absence from the lungs of premature infants causes respiratory distress syndrome.  29 PHOSPHOLIPIDS glycerol Fatty acid Fatty acid phosphate Serine phosphatidylserine 3 PHOSPHOLIPIDS glycerol Fatty acid Fatty acid phosphate inositol Phosphatidylinositol 3 PHOSPHOLIPIDS Glycerol Fatty acid Fatty acid phosphate Glycerol phosphate Glycerol Fatty acid Fatty acid cardiolipin )diphosphatidyl glycerol( 32 PLASMALOGEN choline, serine, or Inositol, or ethanolamine These compounds constitute as much as 10% to 30% of the phospholipids of brain and heart 33 PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE ARRANGED NEXT TO EACH OTHER IN AQUEOUS SOLUTINO Lipid bilayer liposome 34 SPHINGOLIPIDS  Contain fatty acid + sphingosin HO – CH – CH = CH CH – NH2 CH – OH sphingosin 35 SPHINGOLIPIDS  Contain fatty acid + sphingosin sphingosin HO – CH – CH = CH CH – NH CH – OH ceramide 36 SPHINGOLIPID STRUCTURE Phosphate + an alcohol sugar sphingophospholipid glycolipid 37 sphingolipids glycolipids sphingophospholipid sphingomyelin 38 SPHINGOMYELIN sphingosine Fatty acid phosphate sphingosine Choline Fatty acid phosphate Ethanolamine 39 sphingolipids Glycolipids sphingophospholipid cerebrosides Gangliosides 40 Cerebrosides :ceramide + monosaccharide sphingosine Fatty acid Galactose brain and other nervous tissue galactosylceramide sphingosine Fatty acid glucose Mostly in extraneural tissues glucosylceramide 41 GANGLIOSIDES The most complicated lipids  Always contain sialic acid   Sialic acid is a nine-carbon sugar sphingosine Fatty acid glucose galactose sialic acid N-acetyl glucosamine 42 STEROLS Main sterol is cholesterol  Main derivatives of cholesterol Steroid hormones  Vitamin D  Bile salts   Plants do not have cholesterol but contain phytosterols  The most wellknown phytosterol is ergosterol 43 CHOLESTEROL 44 CHOLESTEROL+ FATTY ACID ESTERIFIED CHOLESTEROL (CHOLESTERYL ESTER) Hydrophilic head Fatty acid 45