Chronic kidney disease :
Causes :
Pre-renal : dehydration, severe bleeding, sepsis, infection
Renal : HTN, DM, chronic GN
Post-renal : tumor, stones, stricture, albert syndrome (defense , hyperplasia, CRF )
Renal failure
History : sign and symptoms :
LL edema, nausea, vomiting,convulsion, insomnia, itching due to urea deposition under the
skin (dusty skin)
lion pain, dysuria (UTI + obstruction)
Headache , hematuria,
dyspnea ( heart failure)
chest pain ( pericarditis )
orthpedia
polyuria,deplypsia ( DM )
ascites (liver disease )
general symptoms (fatigue malasia,sweating )
renal ostoeostrophy ( in advanced stage)
puffiness of eyelids
pallor,palpitation (anemia)
hypercagulopathy ( nephrotic syndrome easilypruising )
frothy urine ( proteinuria)
hyperventilation ( metabolic acidosis ) deep sign breathing
reliable of repeated infection
generalized edema (nephrotic syndrome )
peripheralneuropathy
retinopathy (retinal detachment ) complication of DM nephropathy
butterfly rash (malor rash ) seen in SLE and mitral stenosis
GN diagnosed by renal biopsy
lab diagnosis in renal disease :
electrolytes creatinene fasting glucose in DM GFR urine analysis ANA in SLE
imaging :
UT to see ( medulla and cortex size ) anatomy of the kidney + any obstruction
large kidney (obstruction )
normal size ( pre-renal disease )
CT to detect kidney stone and laizotrips
Examination :
Normal kidney is not palpable
Auscultation is done on renal angle( murmur (stenosis of renal artery ) Reno-vascular disease
it is reversible caused by hypertension treated by dilatation of the artery using ACEI is a
contraindication)
VIP note :
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by
Hypoprotienemia
Hypercoagulative state
Edema
Hyperlipidemia
Hematuria
it is not diagnostic we have to find out what the cause
nephrotic syndrome:
edema
proteinuria
hematuria nephritic syndrome :
edema
proteinuria
hematuria
the difference between nephrotic and nephritic syndrome is not important clinically and
both are treated by corticosteroid
Hypertension will lead to renal disease (vice versa )
HYPO + HYPER thyroid will cause hypertension
GRF is less than 15 (CKD5 ) the patient need dialysis
Dialysis:
3 mes a week
Types :
Hemodialysis :
In hemodialysis, the patient's blood is pumped through the blood compartment of a
dialyzer, exposing it to a partially permeable membrane. The dialyzer is composed of
thousands of tiny synthetic hollow fibers. The fiber wall acts as the semipermeable
membrane. Blood flows through the fibers, dialysis solution flows around the
outside of the fibers, and water and wastes move between these two solutions.
The cleansed blood is then returned via the circuit back to the body. Ultrafiltration
occurs by increasing the hydrostatic pressure across the dialyzer membrane. This
usually is done by applying a negative pressure to the dialysate compartment of the
dialyzer. This pressure gradient causes water and dissolved solutes to move from
blood to dialysate, and allows the removal of several litres of excess fluid during a
typical 4-hour treatment
Contraindication in patient with hypotension
3 hours is enough to eliminate waste substance from our body
ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﺣﻧﺗﺧﻠص ﻣن ﻣوﯾﺔ ﺑس٣ اﻛﺛر ﻣن
Peritoneal dialysis :
In peritoneal dialysis, a sterile solution containing glucose (called dialysate) is run
through a tube into the peritoneal cavity, the abdominal body cavity around the intestine, where the peritoneal membrane acts as a partially permeable membrane.
The peritoneal membrane or peritoneum is a layer of tissue containing blood vessels
that lines and surrounds the peritoneal, or abdominal, cavity and the internal
abdominal organs (stomach, spleen, liver, and intestines).
Diffusion and osmosis drive waste products and excess fluid through the peritoneum
into the dialysate until the dialysate approaches equilibrium with the body's fluids.
Then the dialysate is drained, discarded, and replaced with fresh dialysate.
This exchange is repeated 4-5 mes per day; automa c systems can run more
frequent exchange cycles overnight.
Peritoneal dialysis is less efficient than hemodialysis, but because it is carried out for
a longer period of time the net effect in terms of removal of waste products and of
salt and water are similar to hemodialysis.
Peritoneal dialysis is carried out at home by the patient, often without help. This
frees patients from the routine of having to go to a dialysis clinic on a fixed schedule
multiple times per week. Peritoneal dialysis can be performed with little to no
specialized equipment (other than bags of fresh dialysate).
Liable to infection
Need a disinfected environment
Difficult to use in Obese + non-educated people
Note :
continuous veno-venous hemo-dia-filteration (CVVHDF) used in fluid overload
+CHF+ acute renal failure
Amino acid and folic acid are lost with dialysis
Indication of acute renal dialysis :
Metabolic acidosis
Hyperkalemia
Uremia
Uremic pericarditis
Pulmonary edema
Drug intoxication
GROUP 12
Chronic Kidney Disease
of 5
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