Lecture Note
Chemical Biology 03 Blood Biomolecular Structure II Fats
-
University:
Amherst College -
Course:
CHEM 330 | Biochemical Principles of Life at the Molecular Level Academic year:
2021
-
Views:
203
Pages:
20
Author:
utemtcls
Chemical
Biology
03
BLOOD
Biomolecular
Structure
Lecture
3:
9/13/10
What
holds
Atoms
together?
bonds
Covalent
Molecules
•
Ionic
bonds,
electrosta7c
a8rac7on
keeps
charged
atoms
together
•very
strong,
but
can
be
broken
by
water
example:
__________
•
Covalent
bonds:
electrons
are
shared
between
atoms
in
bonds
•
weaker
than
ionic,
but
can
not
be
broken
by
water
(example
________)
•
only
Outermost
electrons
(valence)
interact
•Single
bonds:
weaker
bonds,
longer,
and
atoms
can
rotate
•Double
bonds
and
Triple
bonds:
stronger,
shorter
bonds:
atoms
can
not
rotate
(bond
is
more
rigid)
It
all
comes
back
to
the
periodic
table
Rows
go
horizontally:
1st
row,
H,
He;
2nd
row,
Li,
Be,
B,
C,
N,
O,
F,
Ne;
3rd
row..
Columns
go
ver7cally
and
have
same
number
of
electrons
in
their
valence
shells
How
is
Bonding
related
to
Valence?
Valence
Number:
1. Valence
number
of
an
element
is
the
typical
number
of
______
it
makes
with
other
atoms.
2. Each
element
is
different
in
the
number
of
bonds
it
prefers
to
make.
Why?
3. Each
single
bond
is
made
of
___
shared
electrons.
Valence
Electrons:
1. How
do
you
determine
number
of
valence
electrons
owned
by
each
element?
2. When
bonds
are
made,
each
atom
tries
to
______
its
outer
shell.
3. The
number
of
electrons
needed
to
fill
up
the
outer
shell
is
___
(1st
Row),
_____
(2nd
Row),
or
_______
(3rd
row)
To
understand
Biological
Molecules,
we
need
to
understand
bonding
• To
understand
bonding,
we
need
to
understand
electrons:
1. For
a
neutral
atom,
the
number
of
electrons
equals
the
number
_____________
2. For
a
neutral
atom,
the
total
number
of
electrons
is
the
same
as
the
_____________
3. Inner
shell
electrons
are
buried
and
don’t
interact
with
the
environment
4. Outershell
(valence)
electrons
can
be
shared
in
bonds
or
unshared
in
lone
pairs
5. The
number
of
outershell
electrons
is
the
same
for
each
of
the
elements
in
a
____________
in
the
periodic
table
How
is
Bonding
related
to
Valence?
Represen7ng
Molecules
Chemical
Structure
of
some
Sugars
•Glucose,
one
of
many
sugars
that
our
body
can
use,
is
an
aldo-‐sugar,
with
the
double
bonded
oxygen
at
the
end
of
the
chain.
•Glucose
is
used
directly,
many
others
are
converted
into
glucose
•Both
six
carbon
sugars
(hexoses)
and
five
carbon
sugars
(pentoses)
are
used
Carbohydrate:
Simple
and
Complex
• All
sugars
have
the
suffix:
-‐ose
• Simple
sugars
(glucose,
fructose,
lactose)
are
monosaccharides
• Complex
Sugars
are
two
or
more
simple
sugars
a8ached
together
• the
disaccharide
sucrose,
is
1
glucose
+
1
fructose
a8ached
together
• polysaccharides:
such
as
glycogen
are
used
to
store
carbs
in
liver
and
muscle
for
later
and
cellulose
in
plants
SUCROSE
Carbohydrate:
Simple
and
Complex
• All
sugars
have
the
suffix:
-‐ose
• Simple
sugars
(glucose,
fructose,
lactose)
are
monosaccharides
• Complex
Sugars
are
two
or
more
simple
sugars
a8ached
together
• the
disaccharide
sucrose,
is
1
glucose
+
1
fructose
a8ached
together
• polysaccharides:
such
as
glycogen
are
used
to
store
carbs
in
liver
and
muscle
for
later
and
cellulose
in
plants
Don’t
be
confused
that
now
glucose
is
shown
as
a
hexagon,
and
fructose
as
a
pentagon,
they
both
like
to
cyclize!
Carbohydrate:
Simple
and
Complex
• All
sugars
have
the
suffix:
-‐ose
• Simple
sugars
(glucose,
fructose,
lactose)
are
monosaccharides
• Complex
Sugars
are
two
or
more
simple
sugars
a8ached
together
• the
disaccharide
sucrose,
is
1
glucose
+
1
fructose
a8ached
together
• polysaccharides:
such
as
glycogen
are
used
to
store
carbs
in
liver
and
muscle
for
later
and
cellulose
in
plants
Ques7ons
I’d
like
to
Ask
Ques7ons
Others
Asked
The
ABO
blood
group
differ
in
the
kind
of
sugars
on
the
red
blood
cell
• They
are
produced
by
a
series
of
reac7ons
in
which
enzymes
catalyze
the
transfer
of
sugar
units
to
the
outer
membrane
of
the
red
blood
cells.
• A
person's
DNA
determines
the
type
of
enzymes
they
have,
and,
therefore,
the
type
of
sugar
that
end
up
on
their
red
blood
cells
•
The
ABO
blood
group
differ
in
the
kind
of
sugars
on
the
red
blood
cell
• They
are
produced
by
a
series
of
reac7ons
in
which
enzymes
catalyze
the
transfer
of
sugar
units
to
the
outer
membrane
of
the
red
blood
cells.
• A
person's
DNA
determines
the
type
of
enzymes
they
have,
and,
therefore,
the
type
of
sugar
that
end
up
on
their
red
blood
cells
•
The
ABO
blood
group
differ
in
the
kind
of
sugars
on
the
red
blood
cell
• The
func7ons
of
many
of
the
blood
group
an7gens
are
not
known,
and
if
they
are
missing
from
the
red
blood
cell
membrane,
there
is
no
ill
effect.
• This
suggests
that
if
the
blood
group
an7gens
used
to
have
a
func7on,
e.g.,
one
par7cular
blood
group
an7gen
made
red
blood
cells
more
resistant
to
invasion
from
a
parasite,
it
is
no
longer
relevant
today.
Blood
type
O
• People
with
blood
type
O
are
said
to
be
"universal
donors"
because
their
blood
is
compa7ble
with
all
ABO
blood
types.
• It
is
also
the
most
common
blood
type
in
popula7ons
around
the
world,
including
the
USA
(1)
and
Western
Europe
(2,
3).
• Among
indigenous
popula7ons
of
Central
and
South
America,
the
frequency
of
O
blood
type
is
extremely
high,
approaching
100%.
It
is
also
high
among
Australian
aborigines.
Blood
Type
A
• Type
A
is
common
in
Central
and
Eastern
Europe.
In
countries
such
as
Austria,
Denmark,
Norway,
and
Switzerland,
about
45-‐50%
of
the
popula7on
have
this
blood
type,
whereas
about
40%
of
Poles
and
Ukrainians
do
so.
• The
highest
frequencies
are
found
in
small,
unrelated
popula7ons.
For
example,
about
80%
of
the
Blackfoot
Indians
of
Montana
have
blood
type
A.
Blood
type
B
• Blood
type
B
is
rela7vely
common
in
Chinese
and
Indians,
being
present
in
up
to
25%
of
the
popula7on.
• It
is
less
common
in
European
countries
and
Americans
of
European
origin,
being
found
in
about
10%
of
these
popula7ons.
Blood
type
AB
is
the
least
common
• Blood
type
AB
individuals
are
known
as
"universal
receivers"
because
they
can
receive
blood
from
any
A,
B,
or
O
type.
• It
is
also
the
rarest
of
the
blood
groups.
It
is
most
common
in
Japan,
regions
of
China,
and
in
Koreans,
being
present
in
about
10%
of
these
popula7ons.
Chemical Biology 03 Blood Biomolecular Structure II Fats
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