Carbohydrates - Study Guide

Carbohydrates Carbohydrate Identification Carbohydrates are one of the nutrients needed by humans and function to produce energy for the human body. Carbohydrates as nutrients are the name of a group of organic substances that have different molecular structures, although there are similarities in terms of chemistry and function. All carbohydrates consists of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). Carbohydrates that are important in nutrition are divided into two groups, namely simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates consist of monosaccharides which are moleculesthe basis of carbohydrates, disaccharides formed from two monoses can bond to each other, and oligosaccharides are short chain sugars formed from galactose, glucose and fructose. Complex carbohydrates consist of polysaccharides consisting of more than two monosaccharide bonds and fiber which are also called non-starch polysaccharides. Carbohydrates besides function to produce energy, too has other functions for the body. Other functions of carbohydrates are that they give food a sweet taste, save protein, regulate fat metabolism, and help excrete feces. The role of carbohydrates for living organisms:         Main energy source Weight control Prevent various diseases Determinant of the glycemic index to prevent the development of ketosis, Excessive breakdown of protein in the body loss of minerals Useful for helping fat and protein metabolism Things that can have an impact on the body if there is a lack of intake carbohydrates namely:  Difficulty losing weight In one gram of carbohydrates, there are 4 calories. So, the more carbohydrates you eat, the more calories you will consume and will make you gain weight. This habit continues causes body weight to increase, especially if it is not balanced with physical activity. Carbohydrates that should be converted into energy actually collect, accumulate, and are ultimately stored as reserve fat by the body. This certainly makes the program to lose weightit will get more difficult.  Cholesterol levels are increasing A nutritionist says that the most obvious effect of eating too many carbohydrates is cholesterol. Eat too lots of simple carbohydrates and refined carbohydrates to more than 60 percent of total daily calories, has the potential to increase bad cholesterol and lowers good cholesterol.  Susceptible to type 2 diabetes mellitus People who have excess carbohydrates have the potential to gain weight more easily. A drastic increase in body weight will interfere with the work of the insulin hormone. Insulin is a hormone that converts sugar in the blood into energy for cells in the body. When insulin action decreases, insulin's ability to store sugar (a simple form of carbohydrate) in cells decreases. As a result, sugar builds up in the blood, this is what puts people at greater risk of developing diabetes. Classification and Structure of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates or sugar are molecules composed of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). Carbohydrates have empirical formula (CH2O)n. Broadly speaking, carbohydrates are divided into two types based on nutritional value, namely simple carbohydrates and carbohydrates complex.   Simple carbohydrates consist of simple sugars such as glucose, fructose, sucrose and lactose. Complex carbohydrates are made of long chains and a combination of several simple sugars. However, if viewed based on the sugar groups that make up it, these carbohydrates are divided into three types, including: monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Function and role of carbohydrates The main function of carbohydrates is to produce energy, in In the liver it is used as a detoxifier, besides that it can also help in fat and protein metabolism. The role of carbohydrates in life. Main source of energy, weight control, prevention various diseases, Determining the glycemic index, to prevent the development of ketosis, the body's excessive breakdown of protein. Carbohydrate Sources  Brown rice The high fiber content is what makes brown rice considered as a good and healthy source of carbohydrates. Brown rice also contains magnesium, iron, vitamin B, vitamin B2, vitamin B3 and vitamin B6.  Boiled potato The high starch content in boiled potatoes causes this food to make you feel full and also produces quite a lot of calories. Therefore, it is not surprising that 22anjang22 people can stave off hunger until noon just by eating potatoes for breakfast.  Sweet potato Sweet potatoes are a healthy source of carbohydrates for people with stomach ulcers, diabetes, weight problems and arthritis. The nutrients contained in it are fiber, manganese, copper, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin B6. Sweet potatoes are also rich in beta-carotene which is an antioxidant that is often found in green leafy vegetables.  Sago Sago is a staple food for people in the Maluku area or Papua. The shape is like powder which will then be processed.  Wheat Germ Eating whole wheat makes the stomach feel more full long and can increase height, because the body needs it a lot of effort to process it. Wheat grains can be consumed in the form of barley, brown rice and brown rice.  Corn Corn contains folic acid and fiber which is good for body. In certain areas, corn is made into corn rice.  Nuts Nuts such as red beans, green beans, chickpeas, green beans, soybeans and peas fill the stomach immediately, but can last for a long time. Beans and legumes are rich in folic acid, fiber, vitamins, protein and complex carbohydrates. Carbohydrate Identification Reaction There are several tests or tests that can be carried out for prove the existence of carbohydrates, namely:        Molisch test Selliwanoff test Benedict's test Barfoed Test Fehling's test Iodine Test Hydraulic Test SUMMARY  Carbohydrates are 23hydroge compounds consisting of the elements carbon, 23 hydrogen, and oxygen. Consists of the elements C, H, O with ratio of 1 C atom, 2 H atoms, 1 O atom.  The classification of carbohydrates is divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides  Several functions and roles of carbohydrates in organisms, namely, The main source of energy, controlling body weight, preventing various diseases, determining the glycemic index, to prevent growth ketosis, the body's breakdown of excessive protein, loss minerals, and is useful for helping fat metabolism and proteins  Several types of food as a source of carbohydrates, for example corn, cassava and sweet potatoes, boiled potatoes, brown rice, sago, whole wheat bread, peas and other nuts. Several tests or tests that can be carried out to prove the presence of carbohydrates are: Molisch test, Selliwanof test, Benedict test, Barfoed test, Fehling test, iodine test, and hydrolysis test.