Human Use of Land

Land Use Models  Land use is the human use of land.  Land use involves the management and modification of natural environment into built environment. Land Use Models are theories which attempt to explain the layout of urban areas. Burgess Land Use Model/ Concentric zone model: The Concentric zone model also known as the Burgess model is one of the earliest theoretical models to explain urban social structures. It was created by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1923. Based on human ecology theories done by Burgess and applied on Chicago, it was the first to give the explanation of distribution of social groups within urban areas. The Burgess Model is a land use model which explains the pattern of land use in a city in the developed world. The center is the oldest part of the city and gradually spread off from the middle and expansion usually takes place in a pattern from inward towards outward. This concentric ring model explains urban land use in concentric rings: the Central Business District (CBD) was in the middle of the model, and the city expanded in rings with different land uses. Burgess Land Use Model The zones identified are:  The center was the CBD.  The transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses.  Working class residential homes (inner suburbs).  Better quality middle-class homes (Outer Suburbs).  Commuter zone. (upper class residential) Central Business District (CBD)  The term CBD or Central Business District is the central district of a city, usually identified by a concentration of commercial and institutional buildings.  CBD for Urban Peshawar is inner city and cantonment area.  City centre differs from downtown in that the latter can be geographically located anywhere in a city, while a city centre is generally located near the geographic heart of the city. Limitations of Burgess Model:  The model does not work well with cities outside the United States, in particular with those developed under different historical contexts. Even in the United States, because of changes such as advancement in transportation and information technology and transformation in global economy, cities are no longer organized with clear "zones“  It describes the specific American geography, where the inner city is poor while suburbs are wealthy; the converse is the norm elsewhere  Physical features - land may restrict growth of certain sectors; hills and water features may make some locations unusually desirable for residential purposes.  Sector Land Use Model/ Hoyt Model: The sector model also known as the Hoyt model was proposed in 1939 by economist Homer Hoyt. It is a modified version of concentric land use model presented by Burgess. Like Burgess Model, the development of urban centre starts from CBD with progressive expansion from inward towards outward. Hoyt suggested that city grew in the form of wedge shaped sectors. It is the communication route that will develop the wedge shaped pattern of a city with the passage of time. While accepting the existence of a CBD (central business district), Hoyt suggested that various socio-economic groups expand outward from the city center along main communication routes such as railroads, highways, and other transportation arteries. In developing this model Hoyt observed that it was common for low-income households to be near railroad lines, and commercial establishments to be along business thoroughfares. Hoyt theorized that cities tended to grow in wedgeshaped patterns -- or sectors -- emanating from the CBD and centered on major transportation route. Limitations/ drawbacks:  Physical features - physical features may restrict or direct growth along certain wedges  Multiple Nuclei Urban Land Use Model Following Hoyt's development of a sector, Harris and Ullman (1945) introduced a more effective generalization of urban land uses. It was brought forward that many towns and nearly all large cities do not grow around one CBD, but are formed by the progressive integration of a number of separate nuclei in the urban pattern.  The model describes the layout of a city. It notes that while a city may have started with a central business district, similar industries with common land-use and financial requirements are established near each other  These groupings influence their immediate neighborhood. Hotels and restaurants spring up around airports, for example.  The number and kinds of nuclei mark a city's growth.  The theory was formed based on the idea that “people have greater movement due to increased car ownership”. This increase of movement allows for the specialization of regional centers (e.g. heavy industry, business-park). Hybrid Land Use Model: Since both the concentric, sector and multiple nuclei models had problems dealing with specific conditions, hybrid representations of urban land uses were developed.. One of the first to do so was W. Isard (1955) This model illustrates that some urban land uses are oriented along major transport axis (sectors), while others, notably industrial and commercial, are located in nuclei. The urban land use in this model is an overlay of sector, zonal or nuclear effects. The growth pattern of Peshawar city is an overlay of burgess, Hoyt and Multiple nuclei model. The inner city CBD growth pattern represents burgess concentric pattern of growth, while Jamrud road shows a wedge shaped pattern extending from inward towards outward (think about the growth pattern from Tehkal towards Hayatabad and Nasirbagh. Similarly multiple nuclei growth pattern can be seen with the emergence of city, cantonment area and hayatabad nuclei.