Skeletal System Practical

Skeletal System Practical 1. Define: A. Lacunae- hollow activity B. Central canal- Tiny channel in bone tissue that houses a blood vessel; a tube in the spinal cord continuous with brain ventricles C. Lamellae- Layer of matrix surrounding the central canal of an osteon D. Osteon- Cylinder shaped unit containing bone cells that surround a central canal E. Hematopoiesis- Production of blood cells from dividing stem and progenitor cells F. Synarthrotic- a joint that can move freely in various planes G. Diarthrotic- a freely moveable joint H. Flexion- Bending at a joint that decreases the angle between parts of a joint I. Extension- Movement increasing the angle between parts of a joint J. Abduction- Movement of a body part away from the midline K. Adduction- the movement of a body part toward the body’s midline L. Ossification- Formation of bone tissue M. Osteoporosis- a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue N. Suture-A seam like immovable junction between two bones O. Amphiarthrotic- A type of articulation between boot surfaces that permits limited motion and is connected by ligaments or elastic cartilage, such as between the vertebrae 2. What is the function of the epiphyseal plate? As the spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis and in the epiphysis, a bond of cartilage called the epiphyseal plate remains between these two ossification centers 3. Name the 5 classifications of bones and give an example of each in the body? 1. Long Bones, example, the tibia 2. Short Bones, example, tarsals in foot 3. Sesamoid bone, example patella 4. Irregular bones, example pubis 5. Flat bones, example, occipital 4. Name the three types of vertebrae. What differences are seen between the transverse processes of these types? The spinous processes? The bodies? Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, and lumbar vertebrae. The transverse process projects latereally and posteriorly. Two plates called laminae arise from the pedicles and fuse in the back to become a spinous process. A typical vertebra has a drum shaped body, which forms the thick, anterior portion of the bone 5. Which bones in the skull make up the hard palate? Frontal bone, zygomatic bone, maxillary bones, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, palatine bones, lacrimal bone 6. Which bones in the skull make up the orbit? Frontal bone, sphenoid, maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, ethmoid, lacrimal bone 7. Which bones in the skull have sinuses? Frontal and ethmoid 8. Which bones has the opening for the ear? Temporal 9. Which bones form the zygomatic arch? The zygomatic process of temporal bone 10. Name the bones that make up the nasal septum? Vomer bone, interior nasal concha, middle nasal concha of the ethmoid bone, nasal bone, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone 11. Discuss the steps involved in the endochondral bone formation? The remains cartilage is broken down by osteoclasts and the osteoblasts secrete their osteoid forming stingy bone. Hyaline cartilage is left on the ends of the bones and epiphyseal plates form 12. Discuss the steps involved in intramembranous bone formation? Step one: development of ossification center Step Two: Calcification Step Three: Formation of trabeculae Step four: Development of the periosteum 13. Name the parts of a long bone discussed in lecture and in the text. Diaphysis, epiphysis, compact bone, spongy bone, red marrow, articular cartilage, medullary cavity 14.What is the main salt or mineral in bone? Hydroxyapatite 15. What is the structural unit of spongy bone? Osteon 16. What is the structural unit of compact bone? Osteon 17. What are the risk factors of osteoporosis? Bone mass begins to decline naturally with age; without enough calcium and vitamin d can contribute to weak bones. Petite and thin women have greater risk of developing osteoporosis and smoking 18. Name the parts of a synovial joint? Diarthroitc, articular cartilage, joint capsule, ligaments, synovial membrane, synovial cavity, synovial fluid, menisci, bursar 19. Describe the characteristics of a fibrous joint and give an example of one? Fibrous joints lie between bones that closely contact one another. A thin layer of dense connective tissue joins the bones at such joint, as in a suture between a pair of flat bones of the skull. An example is the joint in the leg.