Urinary System Review Packet

Urinary System Review Packet Answer Key 1. Diagram ○ 1. Urinary system ○ 2. Kidney ○ 3. ○ 4. Ureter ○ 5. Urinary bladder ○ 6. Urethra 2. Functions ○ Excretion: removal of waste through body fluids ○ Regulation of blood: through the use of ions and pH 3. Kidney diagram ○ Left (top to bottom) i. Minor calyx ii. Major calyx iii. Renal hilum iv. Ureter ○ Right (top to bottom) i. Renal capsule ii. Renal lobe iii. Renal columns iv. Renal pyramid 4. Kidney blood supply ○ Comes from the renal arteries, travels in between the renal pyramids that are encased within the renal columns, then into arterioles to a capillary network “glomerulus” 5. Importance of filtration ○ Filtration is important to avoid an overflow of urine which could cause multiple infections. Kidneys filter unwanted substances and excess water from the blood and body. 6. Three segments and functions ○ Proximal Convoluted Tubule i. First segment ii. Bulk absorption iii. Increase surface area for absorption ○ Loop of Henle i. Middle segment ii. Recovers water and sodium chloride from the urine ○ Distal Convoluted Tubule i. Last segment ii. Selective reabsorption iii. Regulates blood BP, volume, and blood pH 7. How DCT regulates blood BP, volume, blood pH ○ Decreased BP is sensed i. JG cells release renin - activates angiotensin 1. Causes vasoconstriction 2. Triggers Aldosterone secretion ii. Aldosterone 1. DCT cells are able to increase sodium reabsorption 2. Water follows salt 3. Both return to blood ○ BP and Volume increase ○ Blood pH i. H+ secretion into urine formation ii. HCO3 (bicarbonate) production and reabsorption into blood 1. Bicarbonate buffers blood 8. Function of ureters and urinary bladder ○ Urinary bladder: i. Temporary reservoir for urine ○ Ureters: i. Collects urine from renal pelvis ii. Empties urine into urinary bladder iii. Prevents backflow of urine 9. Diagram of Female Reproductive System (6-15) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 6. Ovary 7. Uterine tube 8. Bladder 9. Clitoris 10. Urethra 11. Vaginal hole 12. Anus 13. Vagina 14. Cervix 15. Uterus 10. Stages of oogenesis ○ Primordial ---> primary ---> secondary ---> tertiary ---> corpus luteum ---> corpus albicans 11. Ovulation and no fertilization ○ Estrogen surge leads to LH surge and then ovulation ○ Oocytes (eggs) leave the tertiary follicles into the corpus luteum i. Corpus luteum (“yellow body”) 1. Epithelium cells produce Progesterone for uterine lining preparation of Pregnancy ○ No fertilization i. Corpus luteum degenerates after 12 days of ovulation ii. Transforms into corpus albicans (“white body”) 12. Stages of Uterine cycle ○ Menses i. Destruction of endometrium ○ Proliferative phase i. repair/regenerate endometrium ○ Secretory phase i. Stimulated by progesterone and continue until corpus albicans 13. Diagram of Male Reproductive System ○ Left (top to bottom) i. Vans deferens ii. Bladder iii. Prostate iv. Urethra v. Penial head/foreskin vi. Epididymis ○ Right (top to bottom) i. Colon/rectum ii. Seminal vesicle iii. iv. Testicle v. Scrotum 14. Importance of testes ○ Contains the seminiferous tubules which is the site of sperm production i. Structures contained in testes: 1. Spermatogonia - sperm stem cells 2. Sperms 3. Sertoli cells a. Supports spermatogenesis b. Maintains blood testes barrier 4. Leydig cells a. Stimulated by LH to produce testosterone 15. Stages of spermatogenesis ○ Spermatogonia (undergo mitosis) ---> spermatocytes (undergo meiosis) ---> spermatids (undergo physical maturation) ---> spermatozoa (lose contact with wall of seminiferous tubule, enter lumen) 16. Structures of mature sperm ○ Head i. Nucleus carries chromosomes ii. No energy reserves and must absorb nutrients, tip covered by acrosomal cap ○ Middle piece i. Mitochondria for ATP to move tail ○ Tail i. Only flagellum in body ii. Whip-like organ to move 17. Male hormone and its significance ○ Testosterone i. Stimulates spermatogenesis, promotes libido, establishes secondary male sex characteristics (increased muscle mass and facial hair), maintains glands and organs of the male reproductive tract 18. Pathway of sperm ○ Seminiferous tubule ---> epididymis (primary storage) ---> ductus deferens (can store sperm for several months) ---> ejaculatory duct (travels through prostate gland) ---> Urethra (releases semen, semen = sperm + fluids) 19. Glands involved with the male reproductive system and functions ○ Seminal vesicles i. Produces 60% of semen ○ Prostate gland i. Produces 20-30% of semen ii. Also contains antibiotics ○ Bulbourethral gland i. Lubricates urethra and surface of glans 20. External genitalia ○ Penis i. Releases urine or semen ii. Corpora Cavernosa: surround artery iii. Corpus Spongiosum: surround urethra 1. Expands to form glans penis ○ Scrotum i. Pouch lined by skin ii. 2 chambers iii. 2 muscle types 1. Outer: dartos - smooth muscle a. Wrinkling of scrotal surface 2. Inner: Cremaster - skeletal muscle a. Temp. regulation 21. Three male sexual responses ○ Erection i. Parasympathetic Nerve Stimulation 1. Erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood 2. Pressure exerted collapses dorsal vein and prohibits blood drainage 3. Penis stiffens and assumes an upright position ○ Emission i. Sympathetic Nerve Stimulation 1. Peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle ○ Ejaculation i. Somatomotor Nerve Stimulation 1. Rhythmic contractions in skeletal muscles and pushes semen out of the urethra 2. Accompanied by orgasm