Introduction to Physiology Anatomy

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY ANATOMIC TERMS OR OTHER ANATOMIC NOMENCLATURE There are several terms in the nomenclature in anatomy, which are relevant and important to know, because they are related to a more detailed description of anatomy and are also related to describing the anatomy of the reproductive organ system. 1. An anatomical term that states a prominent part of the body a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Processus: Common name for taju (protrusion). Spina: Sharp spurs (like thorns). Tuber: Round lump. Tuberculum: A small round lump. Crista: Jagged, edge. Pecten: The protruding edge. Condyle: Rounded protrusion at the end of a bone. Epicondyle: Lumps on the condyle. Cornu: Horn. Linea: Line. 2. An anatomical term that refers to a curved part of the body a. b. c. d. e. f. Fossa: Common name. Fossula: A small fossa. Fovea: Small fossa. Foveola: The small fovea. Sulcus: Groove. Incisura: Notch. 3. An anatomical term that refers to holes, channels and chambers a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. Foramen: Hole. Fissure: A gap. Aperture: Door. Canalis: Channel. Ductus: Vessel. Meatus: Burrow. Cavum: Cavity. Cellula: Small space. CAVITIES IN THE HUMAN BODY As we all know, the structure of the human body too consists of cavities or a cavity (space). There are several cavities in the human anatomical structure, namely those in the head and body. 1. The cavity in the head a. The cranial cavity (cavum cranialis), its contents include the cerebrum, brain small (cerebellum), and brain stem (brain stem). b. The eye cavity (orbital cavity), its contents are the eyeball (orbita). c. The nasal cavity (cavum nasi), the contents of which are the place where respiratory air passes. d. The oral cavity (cavum oris), contains the tongue and teeth. e. The middle ear cavity (cavum tympani), contains the auditory bones (malleus, incus, stapes). 2. Cavities in the body a. The chest cavity (cavum thoracis), its contents include the lungs (pulmo), heart (cardio), aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries and veins, trachea, bronchus and eosophagus. b. The contents of the abdominal cavity include the stomach, small intestine (intestinum, duodenum, jejunum), large intestine (colon), pancreatic glands, spleen, liver and kidneys. c. The pelvic cavity (cavum pelvis), its contents include the bladder (vesica urinaria), rectum, in men the prostate gland, in women there is the uterus (uterus) and ovaries (ovaries). LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN THE HUMAN BODY Levels of organization in the human body based on microscopic studies Macroscopic anatomy is as follows. 1. The chemical or molecular level is formed by atoms which are the smallest units forming molecules of very complex size. Example: protein complex molecules. 2. Cellular level, the interaction of molecules that form certain organelles that will form a cell. 3. Tissue level, a collection of these cells will form a network. Example: muscle tissue. 4. Organ level, is a collection of several tissues that make up an organ. Example: heart. 5. The organ system level is the interaction of one organ with other organs to form an organ system. Example: digestive system. 6. The organism level is the unity of all organ systems in humans that will maintain life and health. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN AS A LIVING CREATURE Humans are living creatures who have characteristics that distinguish living creatures from inanimate objects and which enable living cells to carry out the activities necessary to maintain life. These properties include: 1. Irritability or responsiveness is the ability to respond to stimuli originating from within or from outside the environment. 2. Conductivity is the ability to conduct or transmit irritability (stimulus) from one side to another. This property is highly developed in nerve cells and cellsmuscle. 3. Movement is the result of shrinking or shrinking of cells and this property developsespecially well in muscle cells. 4. Growth is an increase in the size of individual cells or an increase in the number of cells. 5. Reproduction is the ability of living things to develop or reproduce descendants. 6. Metabolism is the total sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living things. The chemical processes in question are catabolism, or the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler substances, and anabolism, the formation of complex macromolecules from simpler substances. Metabolism in the body depends on the following processes. a. Digestion is the process of breaking down complex food (carbohydrates, proteins and fats) into simple molecules (sugar/glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol) for absorption. b. Breathing refers to the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between body cells and the external environment. c. Cellular Respiration is the process of using oxygen nutrients by body cells to produces energy and carbon dioxide. d. The circulation of body fluids carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and excretes them metabolic products of cells. e. Excretion is the removal of metabolic waste products from the body.