University:
Borough of Manhattan Community College
Course:
BIO 425 | Anatomy and Physiology I
Academic year:

2024
Views:

156

Pages:

3
Author:

Mikael N.

4. The Framework of Support and Protection 4.1 Introduction to the skeletal System *The skeletal system provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. *components: bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons. 4.2 Bone Structure and Function *Composition of bones: calcium phosphate, collagen fibers. *Bone cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts. *Functions: support, protection, movement, mineral storage (calcium, phosphorus), hematopoiesis (blood cell formation). 4.3 Trypes of Bones *Long bones: femur, humerus. *Short bones: carpals, tarsals. *Flat bones: skull bones, ribs, scapula. *Irregular bones: vertebrae, facial bones. 4.4 Bone Development and Growth *Intramembranous ossification: flat bones. *Endochondral ossification: long bones, most bones. *Growth at epiphyseal plates: lengthening of bones until closure during adulthood. 4.5 Bone structure at Microscopic Level *compact bone: osteons (traversion systems), lamellac, central canal. *Spongy bone: trabeculae, red bone marrow. 4.6 Bone Markings and Features *Surface features: projections (processes), depressions (fossae). ->Epamples: tubercle, tuberosity, condyle, foramen, fossa. 4.7 Bone Disorders and Diseases *Osteoporosis: bone density loss, increased fracture risk. *Osteoarthritis: cartilage degeneration in joints. *Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disorder affecting joints. ->Fractures: trypes (simple, compound), healing process. 4.8 Joints and Articulations *Trypes of joints: fibrous (immovable), cartilaginous (slightly movable), synovial (freely movable). *Synovial joint structures: synovial membrane, joint capsule, synovial fluid, articular cartilage. ->Examples: ball-and-socket (hip, shoulder), hinge (elbow, knee), pivot (neck), saddle (thumb), gliding (vertebrac).