Schizophrenia Data and Clinical Forms

University:
Stanford University
Course:
MED 101 | Human Anatomy
Academic year:

2024
Views:

473

Pages:

1
Author:

larbi43100

‭Schizophrenia Data and clinical forms‬ ‭Genetic data‬ ‭ everal epidemiological arguments support the existence of a genetic component to the‬ S ‭appearance of schizophrenia, but this does not respond to a classic Mendelian model:‬ -‭ ‬ i‭f both parents are affected, the risk for direct offspring is 40%;‬ ‭-‬ ‭concordance is 50% in monozygotic twins and 10% in dizygotic twins; the disease presents‬ ‭-‬ ‭an anticipation phenomenon, which is defined clinically by a progressive worsening of‬ ‭the disease over generations;‬ ‭-‬ ‭the risk of developing the disease is 6.6% for first-degree relatives and 3% for‬ ‭second-degree relatives (remember that this risk is 1% in the general population).‬ ‭Biological data‬ ‭ he question of the biological foundations of schizophrenia remains open, and many‬ T ‭molecules have been more or less suspected. However, two of them seem the most‬ ‭likely:‬ ‭-‬ d‭ opamine: the dopaminergic hypothesis is more oriented towards a concept of‬ ‭dysregulation of the dopaminergic system than that of hyperdopaminergia;‬ ‭-‬ ‭gamma-amino-butyric acid (or GABA): certain interneurons in the prefrontal‬ ‭cortex of schizophrenics actually underexpress the gene encoding the enzyme‬ ‭GAD1 (glutamic acid decarboxylase 1) which produces GABA.‬ ‭Diagnosis and prognosis‬ ‭The diagnosis of schizophrenia cannot be made until the presence of symptoms has been‬ ‭observed for at least 6 months. Furthermore, there are no pathognomonic signs of the condition.‬ ‭ ymptoms‬‭-Schizophrenia is characterized by positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and‬ S ‭cognitive symptoms:‬ ‭-‬ s‭ o-called positive symptoms include conceptual disorganization,‬ ‭hallucinations (mainly auditory) and delusions;‬ ‭-‬ ‭so-called negative symptoms (prominent in a third of patients) consist of: loss of‬ ‭function,‬‭anhedonia‬‭, restriction of emotional expression, difficulty concentrating‬ ‭and withdrawal social;‬ ‭-‬ ‭so-called cognitive symptoms include memory deficits and loss of‬ ‭behavioral control.‬ ‭ linical forms‬‭-There are typically 4 clinical forms of schizophrenia, but patients can‬ C ‭present symptoms belonging to several forms:‬ ‭-‬ t‭he catatonic form (increasingly rare), with profound changes in motor‬ ‭activity, negativism,‬‭echolalia‬‭An‬‭d ltrasound‬‭;‬ ‭-‬ ‭the paranoid form, with delusional system in the foreground;‬ ‭-‬ ‭the dissociated form, with disorganization of speech and behavior and superficial‬ ‭nature of affects;‬