Review for Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Review for Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology 1. Negative feedback- The MOST COMMON type of homeostatic mechanism. Effectors return conditions (restores the original state) toward the normal range and the deviation from the set point lessens. It is called “negative” because the response moves the variable (#) in the opposite direction of the deviation from the set point. This prevents sudden severe changes in the body. Negative feedback controls body temp, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels. It is called negative because it deviates from the set point. Stages of homeostasis and how negative feedback fits in: 1. Receptor- receives information from the stimulus which can be anything (change in temp.,stressful enviro) any sort of change that occurs that your body has to respond to. Detects what is going on then relays the info to the control center. 2. Control center- the decision maker. The component that maintains the set point. Body knows to increase or decrease based on your individual set point. 3.Effector- the muscle or gland that carries out the message from the control center. The specific muscle or gland that affects the change. 4. Response- occurs when your body has responded to the stimulus. There are 3 parts of a homeostatic mechanism. 2. Positive feedback- Uncommon in the body. The change or deviation from the set point is intensified instead of being reversed. The activity of the effector is increased initially, instead of decreasing until the desired effect is achieved. It is short lived. Produces unstable conditions that seem like they will not lead to homeostasis but they will. EXAMPLES- blood clotting and the uterine contractions during childbirth. 3. Anatomy- The study of the structure/morphology of the human body and its parts; derived from Greek for “a cutting up”. 4. Physiology- the study of the functions of the human body and its parts; derived from Greek for “relationship to nature”. The structure of organs and parts of the human body determines the function. 5. -stasis- standing still. Maintenance of a stable internal environment. 6. Peri- around. AKA pericardial membrane-membrane that surrounds the heart. 7. Hypo- below normal. Hypoglycemia 8. Hyper- excess. hyperglycemic 9. Epi- over. Epicardium 10. Pariet- wall. Parietal membrane- membrane that lines the walls of a cavity. 11. Visc- organ 12. Base- (alkaline) a pH greater than 7. Has a higher concentration of OH than H. When combined with water it releases hydroxyl ions or OH ions. 13. Mediastinum- compartment. Extends forward to the sternum and backward to the vertebral column. Forms a boundary between the right and left sides of the thoracic cavity. Contains most of the thoracic cavity viscera (organs): heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus except for the lungs. The right and left lungs are on either side of the mediastinum. Divides body into equal left and right portions. 14. Contralateral- Pertaining to the other side. 15. Ipsilateral- Pertaining to the same side. 16. Homeostasis- Refers to the body’s ability to keep its internal conditions stable such that its cells can survive. Requires most of our metabolic energy. The body maintains homeostasis through a number of self regulating control systems called homeostatic mechanisms which are based on feedback loops. These share 3 components: 1. Receptors- on the lookout. They provide info about specific conditions (stimulus) in the internal environment. Can be small as a cell or even a protein that is a part of the cell 2.Control center- decision maker that includes a set point which is a particular value such as body temp. 3. Effectors- muscles or glands that take action they cause appropriate responses. 17. What does anatomy study? Physiology? Anatomy studies the structure and physiology studies the functions. 18. Know all levels of organization in order and their definitions. 1. Atom- Subatomic particles. Make up the chemicals we see in our body. EX- oxygen 2. Molecules- when atoms come together. EX- h2o, nacl, co2. 3. Macromolecules- larger molecules that form together and form things like DNA and proteins. 4. Organelles- functional components- mitochondria, nucleus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum. Functional part of a cell. 5. Cells- red blood cells, white blood cells. Basic unit of structure and functions. 6. Tissue- cells coming together. EX- adipose tissue, skin. Layer or mass of cells with specific function. 7. Organ- tissues work together to form organs. Group of different tissues with a common function. EX- spleen, liver. 8. Organ system- when all the organs work together it creates an organ system. EX- digestive system. 9. Organism- all the organ systems working together creates us, the organism. 19. Know all the major body systems and their major function as we discussed 1.Integumentary system- means skin. Largest organ system in the body and meant for protection, body temp regulation, sensory reception, and production of vitamin d. 2. Skeletal system- provides the framework. Muscles, joints, and ligaments. Protects internal organs. Storage for out inorganic salts, production of red and white blood cells. Support and movement, attachment sites. 3. Muscular system- Movement, main source of body heat, maintenance, and posture. 4. Nervous and endocrine system- integration and coordination of organ function through nerve impulses or hormones. They work hand in hand. Nervous is responsible for electrical impulses and in order to turn them into something we need we use the endocrine system which is the hormone regulation system in the body. 5. Cardiovascular system- Transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cells, and wastes. Role with heart in our bodies. 6. Lymphatic system- immune system. Transportation of fluids, lymphocyte production, and body defense. 7. Reproductive system- male and female systems produce and transport sex cells. Females also provide fetal development and childbirth. 8. Respiratory system- intake and output of air, exchange of gases between air and blood. Nasal cavity, pharynx ,larynx ,trachea ,bronchi ,lungs. 9. Urinary system- removes waste from blood,maintains water and electrolyte balance, stores and eliminates urine. Kidneys, uterus, urinary, bladder, urethra. 10. Digestive system- receive, break down and absorb food and eliminate unabsorbed material. Mouth, teeth, tongue etc. 20. Life depends on 5 environmental factors. Which ones? 1. Water- most abundant substance in the body, environment for metabolic processes, required for transport substances, regulation of body temp. 2. Food- provides necessary nutrients, supplies energy, supplies raw materials for building living tissue. 3. Oxygen (gas)- one-fifth of air. Used to release energy from nutrients. 4. Heat- Heat is a form of energy in our environment, helps maintain body temp, partly controls the rate of metabolic reactions. 5. Pressure- application of force on an object, atmospheric pressureimportant for breathing. Hydrostatic pressure- keeps blood flowing. 21. Know all 3 planes of section and how they divided the body or a body part. 1.Saggital- refers to a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions. 2. Transverse- (horizontal) refers to a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. 3. Frontal- (coronal) refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. 22. Know membranes that cover body cavities- The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined by double- layered serous membranes, which secrete serous fluid(slippery fluid that prevents friction between layers). Serous membranes consist of 2 layers: Visceral layer: inner layer which covers an organ. Parietal layer: outer layer, which lines the walls of a cavity. EX: Visceral and parietal pleura around lungs in thorax, visceral and parietal pleura pericardium around heart in thorax. Visceral and parietal peritoneum around abdominopelvic organs. EX: the layer that surrounds the heart is the visceral pericardium and the later that surrounds the body cavity that holds the heart is the parital pleura. 23. Know all the major regions of the body (e.g. brachial, cervical, pedal etc.) Cephalic- head Nasal- nose Cervical- neck Frontal- forehead mental - chin Buccal- cheek Patellar- front of knee Pedal- foot 24. Know abdominal regions and quadrants- 9 regions. 4 quadrants 25. What is “anatomical position”?- Standing up facing forward, arms at side, palms facing up, limbs at side. 26. Know the major terms of direction (e.g. superior, lateral, distal etc.) and examples of their use. - superior (above) / inferior (below), anterior or ventral (toward the front) / posterior or dorsal (toward the back), medial (toward the midline) / lateral (away from the midline), Bilateral (paired structures, on both sides) , ipsilateral (same side) / contralateral (opposite sides), proximal (close to the point of attachment to trunk) / distal (farther from point of attachment to trunk), superficial (close to body surface) / deep (more internal)