University:
Borough of Manhattan Community College
Course:
BIO 425 | Anatomy and Physiology I
Academic year:

2024
Views:

322

Pages:

3
Author:

Mikael N.

Digestive System 41 8.1 Introduction to the Digestive System - The digestive system processes food to provide nutrients for energy, growth, and repair. - components: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large - intestine, liver, pancreas. 8.2 Digestive System Anatomy - Digestive tract largers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa. - Accessorry organs: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. 8.3 Digestive Processes - Ingestion: intake of food into the mouth. - Digestion: mechanical (chewing, miking) and chemical (enzymatic breakdown). - Absorption: nutrients (amino acids, sugars, fatty acids) absorbed in the small intestine. - compaction: formation of feces in the large intestine. - Defecation: elimination of feces through the anus. 8.4 Enzymes and Digestive Secretions Salivary amylase: starts starch digestion in the mouth. - Gastric juice: hydrochloric acid and pepsin for protein digestion in the stomach. - Pancreatic enzymes: amylase, lipase, proteases for carbohydrate, fat, and protein digestion in the small intestine. - Bile: emulsifies fats for better digestion and absorption. 8.5 Nutrient Absorption - Small intestine: villi and microvilli increase surface area for nutrient absorption. - Absorption of nutrients into blood or lymphatic vessels. 8.6 Digestive Disorders - Gastroesophageal reflub disease (GERD): acid reflub from the stomach into the esophagus. - Peptic ulcers: sores in the stomach or duodenum due to th. pylori infection or NSAID use. - Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): digestive discomfort, bloating, changes in bowel habits. - Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: inflammatory bowel diseases. affecting the digestive tract. 8.7 Diet and Digestive Health - Importance of balanced diet fiber for bowel health, adequate water intake. - Impact of unhealthy eating habits: obesity, nutrient deficiencies, digestive problems. 8.8 Gut-Brain connection. - Enteric nervous system: digestive system's "second brain" influencing gut motility and function. - Gut microbiota: role in digestion, immunity, and overall health.