Ecological Succession Course Materials

Ecological Succession Ecological succession is a process of gradual changes in the composition of species and the structure of biological communities in an ecosystem over time. This process occurs in response to changes in the environment, both caused by natural factors and human activities. Here is a further explanation of ecological succession, with additional information from broader ecological knowledge: Ecological Succession Mechanism Ecological succession begins with disturbances in existing ecosystems. These disturbances can be natural disasters (volcanic eruptions, forest fires, floods), human activities (deforestation, agriculture), or slower environmental changes (climate change). These disturbances create new conditions that allow new species to enter and thrive. The process of ecological succession can be divided into several stages: 1. Colonization: Pioneer species, i.e. species that are resistant to harsh environmental conditions, began to inhabit disturbed areas. This species usually has rapid reproductive abilities and can spread easily. 2. Environmental Changes: Pioneer species altered the physical and chemical environment, creating more suitable conditions for other species. For example, lichens can weatherize rocks and form soil, allowing other plants to grow. 3. Competition and Coexistence: As time goes on, new species enter the community and begin to compete with pioneer species for resources. Some species may become extinct, while others can adapt and coexist. 4. Stabilization: Communities reach the climax stage, which is a stage that is relatively stable and balanced with their environment. At this stage, changes in species composition and community structure occur more slowly. Types of Ecological Succession There are two main types of ecological succession: 1. Primary Succession: Occurs in new habitats that have never been inhabited by organisms before, such as new volcanic islands or lands formed after glaciation. Primary succession starts from scratch, where there is no soil or living organisms. 2. Secondary Succession: Occurs in habitats that have been disturbed, but still have soil and some living organisms. An example is the succession that occurs after forest fires or deforestation. Factors Influencing Ecological Succession • Interference: The type, intensity, and frequency of interference affect the type of succession that occurs and its speed. • Availability of Resources: The availability of water, nutrients, light, and space affects the types of species that can live and thrive in a community. • Interspecies Interactions: Competition, predation, mutualism, and other interactions affect species composition and community structure. • Abiotic Environmental Factors: Temperature, humidity, soil pH, and other abiotic factors affect the types of species that can survive in a community. The Role of Ecological Succession Ecological succession is a natural process that is essential for maintaining the health and sustainability of ecosystems. This process helps to restore damaged ecosystems, create new habitats, and increase biodiversity. Understanding ecological succession can help us manage ecosystems sustainably and restore degraded ecosystems.