New Imperialism (18th-20th Century)

New Imperialism (18-20th century) ● Another race for colonies ● Spurred by needs created by the industrial revolution. ● Everyone needs more resources to get more advancements in technology. ● Two other motives ○ Revolution: ■ New markets for finished goods ■ New sources of raw materials ○ Nationalism: ■ Colonies - more political power ■ Social Darwinism - racist justification ■ Had pride in one's country ● Imperialism became largely economic ○ Possession or control of an area for economic gain ○ Spheres of influence and extraterritoriality rather than colonial settlement ○ Markets for finished goods ■ Products of British industrialization sold in China and India ○ Sources of raw materials ■ Egypt - cotton ■ Malaya - rubber and tin ■ Middle East - oil ○ Investments ■ Profits from industrialization investing in mines and railroads in undeveloped countries ○ All the political motives ■ National pride ■ Large empires made people more proud to be in the country, because they have more land than anyone else, making them think they are better than other nations and countries ■ When countries get a new colony, other countries want to follow their lead, so that they may gain more power than them. New Imperialism (18-20th century) (continued) ○ Military Motives ■ Gain more bases ● Big with the British ■ Manpower - they get more people in the military from the countries that they have circles of influence in. Want to have a bigger military so that they can 1. Stay in control of the country and 2. Gain more countries and boost their economy ○ Social Motives ■ Had excess of population - cant take care of everyone ● Can move people to different places so that they have housing and enough food to survive ■ “White man’s burden.” ● Form of Social Darwinism - where white people have a sense of superiority over everyone, so they must take care of everyone, and if they don't, they will cease to exist ● Whites acted like they were of a higher species ○ Religious Motives ■ Spread Christianity ■ Had a crusading spirit ■ Missionaries in colonies ● Africa had become a major hotspot for European countries, with everyone trying to get a piece of land ● The Slave trade became a huge success, with people trading natural resources for free labor. ● Demand for slaves continued, and places like Zanzibar were selling people for gold ● Many African countries are taken through imperialism New Imperialism (18-20th century) (continued) THE BERLIN CONFERENCE ● The Berlin Conference was set in place to set rules for conquest in Africa, which the Africans were not invited to. ● They sought to take over Africa, and not allow the African leaders to have any say in what happens to their countries ● The actual main goal was to stop the conflict in Europe ● Some of the Principles set in place are: ○ Stop Slave trade in Africa ○ No imperial power could claim territory in Africa unless it effectively controlled the territory with a government that has been established in the specified country What every country did in Africa ● Belgium ○ Exploit the territory for its resources - rubber, copper, ivory ○ Forced slave labor ● France ○ Conquered Algeria - cost them tens of thousands of French lives, but more Algerian lives New Imperialism (18-20th century) (continued) ● Britain ○ Egypt ■ Model for new imperialism ■ Protectorate was supposed to be temporary - lasted until 1956 ○ Sudan ■ Battle of Omdurman (1898) ● Brits defeat Sudanese tribe and kill 11000 - only 28 brits die ● Fashoda Incident - (1898) France and Brit almost went to war over Sudan. France Backs Down ● Boer war - South Africa - Cecil Rhodes becomes prime minister of the Cape Colony (South Africa) ● British defeat the Boers - form the union of South Africa ● Racial segregation exists heavily - called APARTHEID New Imperialism (18-20th century) (continued) ○ British in India ■ East India company ● Trade company for Europe and Britain with India - Lots of Spices very good for Britain because they can sell them and get lots of gold ● What the brits did in India ○ Outlaw slavery ○ Outlaw the caste system ○ Outlaw Sati ● The Sepoy Rebellion ○ The troops from India that were on the British rule (Sepoys) turned on the British for making them not be able to worship their religion ○ Brutally massacre British men, women, and children ■ Brits retaliate by burning down villages and slaughtering Indians ■ Parliament eventually ended the British rule in India in 1858 ● Benefits of Brit rule ○ Boost economy ○ Brought peace to the countryside ○ Create a better justice system ○ Improve railroad ○ Bring new technology