Industrialization and Labor in Early 19th-Century America

APUSH: Chapter 9 (Transforming the Economy (1800-1860)) Vocab Term Definition A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of Industrial Revolution manufacturing goods. in 1790-1860, where merchants and manufacturers built factories and exploited natural resources division of labor Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers An economy based on coal and metal that began to emerge in the 1830s, as mineral-based manufacturers increasingly ran machinery fashioned from metal with coal-burning economy stationary steam engines rather than with water power. mechanics skilled craftsmen who invented and improved tools for industry system of labor using young women from farm families to work in factories in Lowell, Waltham-Lowell Chicopee, and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. They lived in company System boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church. Machine Tools machines that made parts for other machines ideology of production based on liberty and equality. celebrated small-scale producers, Artisan Republicanism men/women who owned shops (or farms). It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by, and dedicated to the welfare of, independent workers and citizens. An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher Unions wages. Also to protect and further their rights and interests; a labor union. belief that human labor produces economic value. Adherents argued that the price of a Labor Theory of Value product should be by the amount of work/labor required to make it, and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it. Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the Market Revolution production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses). Where people's began to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves canal between Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. 364-mile waterway connecting the Erie Canal hudson river land lake erie. allowed western farmers to ship crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. most powerful social class. were wealthy but non-aristocratic property owners and the middle class biggest beneficiaries of industrial prosperity. working class filled with farmers, mechanics, manufacturers, traders, and business people/people with a degree A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence self-made man from humble origins through self-discipline, hard work, and temperate habits Campaign of moral and institutional reforms inspired by Christian ideals and endorsed my Benevolent Empire upper middle class in the 1820s. Ministers insisted people who experienced saving grace should provide moral guidance and charity to the less fortunate. A movement to preserve the Sabbath as a holy day. These reformers believed that Sabbatarian values declining observance by Christians of the Sabbath (Sunday) was the greatest threat to religion in the United States. doctrine of free will - the central message of Presbyterian minister Charles Grandison moral free agency Finney. new middle class who accepted personal responsibility for their lives, improved their material condition, and welcomed Finney's assurance that heaven was near American Temperance Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to Society limit alcohol consumption. opposed immigration. Feared that foreigners would undermine American culture, weaken Nativist Movement status of American workers, and destabilize American politics. discriminated the Irish, Germans, Catholic, sought to limit power of immigrants (Know-Nothing Party) British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine Samuel Slater for spinning cotton. "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories. wealthy Boston merchant and american industrialist who developed the Lowell system, a Francis Cabot Lowell mill system that included looms that could both weave thread and spin cloth. He hired young women to live and work in his mill Sellars Family Philadelphia Region, Samuel Sellars Jr invented a machine for twisting woolen yarn to create a smooth surface. designed more efficient ways of using water power to run saw Eli Whitney Cyrus McCormick Lyman Beecher Charles Grandison Finney and Lydia Finney mills and a machine to weave wire sieves- founded the Franklin Institute a key inventor and the son of a middling new england farm family. used women hatpins and created the cotton gin alongside more machine tools to produce interchangeable musket parts, bringing him wealth and fame. Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America. American clergyman, disapproved of the preaching of the Great Awakening ministers. served as president of the Lane Theological Seminary and supported female higher education. spoke against Charles Grandison Finney /alcohol consumption - benevolent empire evangelist, American clergyman, educator who was influential in the Second Great Awakening. one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.