Practical of Biochemistry - Short Notes

Practical of biochemistry Estimation of serum glucose Glucose oxidase method • For people above 45 year old. • people under us year old who have family history overweight. IBP risk of Corunary heart disewe. • Glucose estimation is done every 3 years and every 1 year for people with! pre diabetes • Normal values: FBS =70-110 mg/01 • For neonates: 30-80 mg/l • OGTT oral glucose tolerance test" take fasting blood sample and urine @Patient drink "0.75g/kg of glucose in 200ml of water measure blood glucose at 30.60, 90, 120 minutes. @Normal response: • no glucose in urine, FBS=70-110 mgli • After 2 hours : 1140 mg101) "Postprandial Clucose intolerance Prediabetes" •TES: 110-125 mg/d1 after 2 hours: 140-199 mg/1 . om type II or gestational Dm. FBS 126 mg/dl • after 2 hours > 200 mg/dl. • Random blood sugar 200 mg/dl DM twice a year • Flood sugar is monitored by HbA1C •normal-4-5.6% • pre diabeles 5.7-6.4%. DM 6.5% Estimation of serum lipid profile • Total Cholesterol - 120-200mg/1 • Borderline 200-239mg/dl 9. High risk 240 mg/dl . Hypercholesterolemia is associaled with P Do Coronary allery disease. vascular disease om. hypothyroidism Nephrolic syntiome, Xanthoma @hypolipoproteinemid Po Hypocholesterolemia is seen in Hyperthyroidism ② Statins Surgical removal of ileum. HDL Good Cholesterol anti risk of coronary heart disease • normal. 35-S5 mg/d • low risk-55 mglll High risk 135 mg/الCAD • HDL is affected by sex. age. Smoking, hormonp and exercise. •LDL Bad Cholesterol. risk of atherosclerosis 11 D. LOL >5 → risk of coronary heart disease n Normal C optimal LOL ↓100 mg/dl near optimal ↓130 mg/dl • Borderline 130-159 mg/dl ULDU TAG high risk of fatty liver and atherosciti in women. • normal-40-150 mg/dl 4 •Borderline 150-199 mg/31 • High 200-499 -very high soo mg/dl • High TAG is seen in nephrotic syndrome, DM, fatty liver and Vascular diseases. • To improve lipid potile:- •High LDL •Eat PUFA -160-189 mg/ reduce weight • very high •Exercise • stop smoking-Statins. Gpractical of biochemistry ③ Estimation of serum urea - less important n • Normal BUN = 8-25mg/dl) • Causes of low BUN • Young age, acidosis JGFR > Blood urea nitrogen • low protein diet • Causes of high BUN • old age, prolein diet, alkalosis • overhydration • pre renal azotemia - BUN less than 40mg/d)" • Pregnancy neart failure @Hypotension, shock, dehydration, heart Trauma, infection Starvation, Steroids © sweating. vomiting. GIT bleeding q • liver cirrhosis or Urea cycle defect. Po Renal impairment: Acule kidney injury and "BUNT 140mgy Chronic kidney disewe. - End stage renal disease require dialysis" ④ Estimatem of serum Creatininp 9 jaffe method 9. normal level 0.6 −1.5 mg/dl • Daily excretion : 15-25 mg/kg Creatinine clearance: 88-137 ml/min) Clor = UXV X 173 Surfarp area •U: Urime creatining • V: Urime volume 24 hours •p Plasma creatinine. • Creatinine Clearance is very imp. for GFR measulmash • If creatinine clearanep 115 ml/min End Stage min Kidney disense • High Creatinine level : Renal disease • pregnancy • muscle dystrophy • Drugs. 2.3-8.5913 Estimation of serum uric acid Uricase method. • Cause of gout hyperuricemia u Plesch nghan, von Giercks. Renal diseases ③ Diet rich in putimes = liver. Shellfish" ④ leukemia. Polycythemia, aspirin. diviplis • Causes of hypouricemia Fanconi Synlıump 6 mercaptopuring Purime 9 Allopurinol De novo Synthesis ⑥Estimation of Bilirubin • keep the sample in the dark and avoid hemolysis. > Unconjugated 0.6 mg181 • Bilirubin is low after Salicylate, Phenobarbital and Caffeine intake. • Normal bilirubin = 1 mg/lly. • Subclinical janudice = 1-3 moldl 0.4mg111 * Conjugaled n ↑unconjugated Hemolysis, neonatal Gilbert ↑conjugated obstructiue jaundice • jaundice 3 mg/81/ +Caffeine diazolized P Sulfanilic acid 535nm 578 nm ↑both. ALT.AST hepatitis. Cirrhosis LFT " •Nde Fridwald equation" Direct bilirubin Total bililuli- LDL = Total Cholesterol TAG 5