Changes in Gait with Anteriorly Added Mass - A Pregnancy Simulation Study (Figures)

Figure 1: Participant setup with pseudo-pregnancy sac and reflective markers: a) sac only condition with empty pseudo-pregnancy sac (1 kg), b) 20 pound condition (9.07 kg), c) ankle cuff weights (4.535 kg each) used to add mass to the sac. Figure 2: Sagittal plane kinematic and kinetic gait cycle plots for the ankle, knee, and hip. Circles indicate peaks where significant differences were found among conditions. Moments are baseline normalized. Figure 3: Frontal plane kinematic and kinetic gait cycle plots for the ankle, knee, and hip. Circles indicate peaks where significant differences were found among conditions. Moments are baseline normalized. Figure 4: Sagittal and frontal plane kinematic gait cycle plots for the pelvis and trunk. Circles indicate peaks where significant differences were found among conditions. Table 1: Mean and standard deviation (SD) for each kinematic and spatiotemporal variable during gait for the three mass conditions: sac only, 10 lbs, and 20 lbs conditions. Peak Values Ankle Plantar Flexion Angle(o) Inversion Angle(o) Knee Extension Angle(o) Abduction Angle(o) Hip Extension Angle(o) Flexion Angle(o) Pelvis Anterior Tilt(o) Hike(o) Trunk Extension(o) Ipsi-Lateral Flexion(o) Excursion Pelvic Rotation(o) Trunk Rotation(o) Stride Length(m) Sac Only Mean (SD) 10 lbs Mean -18.2 4.2 (4.9) (4.1) -3.3 -12.1 RM ANOVA (SD) 20 lbs Mean (SD) p-Value -18.0 4.5 (5.2) (4.7) -18.1 4.7 (4.7) (4.3) 0.904 0.610 (5.2) (7.0) -3.7* -12.3 (5.5) (6.9) -3.8* -12.6*# (5.4) (7.1) 0.014 0.042 -11.7 30.7 (3.4) (3.0) -10.1* 31.8* (3.6) (3.8) -8.7*# 32.2* (3.1) (3.4) <0.001 <0.001 0.7 3.4 (2.5) (1.1) -0.3* 3.2 (2.7) (1.3) -1.3*# 3.3 (2.2) (1.8) <0.001 0.538 1.5 1.3 (4.0) (1.8) 1.4 0.8 (4.0) (1.6) 1.5 0.7* (3.4) (1.6) 0.939 0.002 9.3 11.4 1.30 (2.3) (3.0) (0.13) 8.2* 10.0* 1.29* (1.7) (2.7) (0.13) 8.0* 9.4* 1.28*# (1.6) (2.6) (0.14) <0.001 0.002 <0.001 Note: *significantly different from sac only condition (p < 0.05), #significantly different from the 10 pound condition (p < 0.05) Table 2: Mean and standard deviation (SD) for each kinetic variable normalized to baseline mass and total mass during gait for the three mass conditions: sac only, 10 pound, and 20 pound conditions. Sac-Only Mean (SD) Ankle Plantar Flexion Dorsiflexion Eversion Inversion Knee Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Hip Extension Flexion Abduction Adduction Baseline Normalized Total Mass Normalized Nm/kg (body mass + sac) Nm/kg (body mass + sac + anterior mass) 10 pound 20 pound 10 pound 20 pound RM ANOVA RM ANOVA Mean (SD) Mean (SD) p-Value Mean (SD) Mean (SD) p-Value -1.59 0.14 -0.10 0.12 (0.28) (0.07) (0.08) (0.09) -1.61 0.13 -0.10 0.12 (0.29) -1.67*# (0.07) 0.13 (0.02) -0.10 (0.09) 0.12 (0.29) (0.07) (0.02) (0.10) <0.001 0.191 0.889 0.381 -1.50* 0.13* -0.09 0.11 (0.26) -1.45*# (0.06) 0.11*# (0.07) -0.09* (0.08) 0.11 (0.24) (0.06) (0.08) (0.08) <0.001 <0.001 0.013 0.052 -0.44 0.45 -0.46 0.12 (0.11) (0.22) (0.20) (0.05) -0.45 0.51 -0.46 0.12 (0.11) (0.24) (0.21) (0.05) -0.45* 0.52 -0.47 0.13*# (0.11) (0.25) (0.21) (0.05) 0.025 0.254 0.06 0.011 -0.42* 0.41* -0.43* 0.11 (0.11) -0.40*# (0.22) 0.45*# (0.19) -0.41*# (0.05) 0.11 (0.09) (0.21) (0.18) (0.05) <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.256 -0.75 0.85 -0.95 0.17 (0.21) (0.19) (0.34) (0.05) -0.80* 0.84 -0.97 0.17 (0.22) -0.84*# (0.21) 0.85 (0.36) -0.99* (0.06) 0.18 (0.22) (0.21) (0.37) (0.07) <0.001 0.804 0.007 0.225 -0.74 0.78* -0.90 0.15 (0.20) -0.73 (0.19) 0.74*# (0.33) -0.86*# (0.05) 0.16 (0.18) (0.18) (0.32) (0.06) 0.185 <0.001 <0.001 0.14 Note: *significantly different from sac only condition (p < 0.05), #significantly different from the 10 pound condition (p < 0.05)