Encantar Preterite

Everything You Always Wanted To Know About Spanish 2 . . . . And So Much More! 1 00000 Table of Contents Verbs with irregular stems in the Preterit tense ……………………………………………… 3, 4, 5 Comparatives …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 Superlatives ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 Direct Object Pronouns ………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 Indirect Object Pronouns ……………………………………………………………………………….. 8 The Personal a ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9 Informal (tú) commands ………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Demonstrative Adjectives ……………………………………………………………………………… 11 SABER vs CONOCER ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 12 Stem-changing verbs in the Present tense ……………………………………………………… 13 GUSTAR and similar verbs ……………………………………………………………………………… 14 Present Progressive tense ……………………………………………………………………………… 15 Preterit tense ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15 -gar, -car, -zar verbs in the Preterit tense ………………………………………………………. 16 Reflexive verbs ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17, 18 2 00000 Verbs with irregular stems in the Preterit tense HACER, QUERER , VENIR in the Preterite tense The verbs hacer querer and venir have irregular conjugations in the Preterite tense. They all have a stem change where they have an ‘i’ in the stem. HACER – to make / to do yo tú él / ella / Ud hice hiciste hizo nosotros vosotros ellos / Uds hicimos hicisteis hicieron **Notice that in the he / she / you(Ud) form of hacer the ‘c’ changes to ‘z’ for pronunciation purposes!. Also, notice that with a complete stem change, there are no accents in the ‘yo’ and the ‘él / ella / Ud forms ! VENIR – to come yo vine tú viniste él / ella / Ud vino nosotros vosotros ellos / Uds vinimos vinisteis vinieron QUERER – to try / to refuse yo quise tú quisiste él / ella / Ud quiso nosotros vosotros ellos / Uds quisimos quisisteis quisieron The verb QUERER has different meanings in the Preterite tense. In the Present tense it means ‘to want / to wish’. In the Preterite tense it means ‘to try’ in an affirmative sentence, and means ‘to refuse’ in a negative sentence. Quise ayudar. No quise ayudar. I tried to help. I refused to help. 3 00000 Irregular Preterite verbs DAR, VER, SER and IR DAR and VER have similar Preterite forms – only the first letter is different: DAR VER Di diste vi viste Diste disteis viste visteis Dio dieron vio vieron SER and IR have exactly the same forms in the Preterite tense: SER (to be) / IR (to go) Fui fuimos Fuiste fuisteis Fue fueron TENER, ESTAR, ANDAR in the Preterite tense The verbs Tener, Estar and Andar have irregular conjugations in the Preterite tense. They all have a stem change where they have “uv” in the stem. TENER – to have tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvisteis tuvieron ESTAR – to be estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron ANADAR – to walk anduve anduviste anduvo anduvimos anduvisteis anduvieron 4 PONER, PODER, SABER in the Preterite tense The verbs poner poder and saber have irregular conjugations in the Preterite tense. They all have a stem change where they have a ‘u’ in the stem. PONER – to put / to place yo puse tú pusiste él / ella / Ud puso nosotros vosotros ellos / Uds pusimos pusisteis pusieron PODER – to manage / could not yo pude tú pudiste él / ella / Ud pudo nosotros vosotros ellos / Uds pudimos pudisteis pudieron The verb PODER has different meanings in the Preterite tense. In the Present tense PODER means ‘to be able’. In the Preterite, it means ‘managed’ in an affirmative statement, and ‘could not’ in a negative statement: Pude parar. No pude parar. (after trying) I managed to stop. (I tried but) I couldn’t stop. SABER – to find out / to learn about yo supe tú supiste él / ella / Ud supo nosotros vosotros ellos / Uds supimos supisteis supieron The verb SABER means ‘to know’ in the Present tense, but means ‘to find out / to learn about’ in the Preterite tense: Lo supe ayer. I found it out (I learned about it) yesterday. 5 00000 Comparatives Comparatives are used to compare attributes (adjectives or adverbs) between two people / things: Tom is taller than Pablo. Tom is more intelligent than Pablo. This building is more modern than that building. When a noun has more of an attribute than the other, you use this format: Más + adjective / adverb + que Tom es más alto que Pablo. Tom es más inteligente que Pablo. Since these attributes are describing the noun, it must agree with that noun in gender / number: Luisa es más alta que Pablo. Luisa corre más rápida que Pablo. Luisa y Inés son más altas que Pablo. When a noun has less of an attribute than the other, use menos instead of más. Tom is less intelligent than Pablo. Tom es menos inteligente que Pablo. There are four adjectives that have irregular comparative forms. They do not use “más” or “menos”. Bueno (good) mejor (better) malo (bad) peor (worse) Viejo (old) mayor (older) this in ONLY USED WITH PEOPLE. With things use the normal “más viejo” and “menos viejo” . Joven (young) menor (younger). Like ‘viejo’, this is only used with people. With things use the “más joven”and “menos joven”. 00000 Superlatives Superlatives compare a quality of an adjective between more than two people/things: Ana is the smartest student in the class. Mt. Everest is the tallest mountain in the world. To form the Superlative, use the following pattern: 6 más + adjective + de OR menos + adjective + de Ana is the smartest student in the class. Ana es la alumna más inteligente de la clase. Mt Everest is the tallest mountain in the world. Mt Everest es la montaña más alta del mundo. You may sometimes omit the noun: Ana is the smartest in the class. (implying smartest student) Ana es la más inteligente de la clase. Raquel and Laura are the least known writers in the city. Raquel y Laura son las escritoras menos conocidas de la ciudad. Sometimes the included group may be omitted: Roses are the most beautiful flowers. (implying ‘of the world’) Las rosas son las flores más bellas. (implying ‘del mundo’) Like comparatives, some adjectives have irregular Superlative forms: Adjective Bueno Malo Viejo Joven Comparative mejor peor mayor (with people) menor (with people) Superlative el/la mejor el/la peor el/la más viejo(a) [el/la mayor – with people] el/la más joven [el/la menor – with people] 00000 Direct Object Pronouns ✓ A Direct Object [DO] is a word or phrase in a sentence that tells “who” or “what” receives the action of a transitive verb: I write my homework. Yo escribo mi tarea. S V DO noun S V DO noun ✓ A Direct Object Pronoun replaces the DO noun. I write it. Yo la escribo. ✓ The Direct Object Pronouns are: 7 Me me us nos You te you os Him lo them los Her la them las You (ud) lo / la you (uds) los / las It lo / la ✓ There are two rules concerning the placement of Direct Object Pronouns in Spanish: 1. Directly before a conjugated verb or negative command: Yo la escribo. No la escribas Ud. 2. Attached to an infinitive, gerund (Participle) or affirmative command: Yo voy a escribirla. Yo estoy escribiéndola. ¡Escríbala Ud! 00000 Indirect Object Pronouns ➢ An Indirect Object (IO) is a word or phrase that tells “to/for whom” or “to/for what” receives the Direct Object: I give her my homework. Yo le doy mi tarea. S B IO DO S IO V DO ➢ The Indirect Object Pronouns are: To/for me me to/for us nos To/for you te to/for you os 8 To/for him le to/for them les To/for her le to/for them les To/for you (ud) le To/for It le to/for you (uds) les ➢ There are two rules concerning the placement of Direct Object Pronouns in Spanish: 1. Directly before a conjugated verb or negative command: Yo le doy la tarea. No le dés Ud. la tarea. 2. Attached to an infinitive, gerund (Participle) or affirmative command: Yo voy a darle la tarea. Yo estoy dándole la tarea. ¡Déle Ud la tarea! ➢ In Spanish, when both the Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns are used, the Indirect Object Pronoun precede the Direct Object Pronoun. I am giving you it (homework). Yo te la doy. I am giving her it (homework)Yo le la doy. becomes Yo se la doy to prevent the double “L” alilteration sound. 00000 The Personal a The Direct Object is the person or thing that receives the action of the verb. EX: I bought the shirt In Spanish, whenever a specific person or group of people is the Direct Object, the “personal a” must precede that person. That is why it’s called the “personal a”. Sometimes we need to say the word “the” after the personal “a”. Example: I see the woman = Yo veo a la mujer. There are 4 ways to do this - use: 1. a la – if the person is feminine singular. 9 2. al – if the person is masculine singular (we cannot use a el) 3. a las – if the person is feminine plural. 4. a los – if the person is masculine plural. Sometimes people use the personal a with a pet: Yo buqué al mi perro. (I looked for my dog) You do not use the personal a after the verb TENER, even if the direct object is a person. Tengo quince promos. (I have fifteen cousins) 00000 Informal Commands To form the informal (tú) commands you usually use the third person singular (él, ella) of the Present tense: hablar habla comer come escribirescribe Verbs that have a stem-change in the Present tense normally have the same change in the Informal, affirmative command: Raúl, close the window! Raúl, ¡cierra la ventana! Rosa, continue straight ahead! Rosa, ¡sigue derecho! Ana, fry the eggs! Ana, fríe los huevos! Some verbs have irregular informal, affirmative commands: decir di ir ve ser sé salir sal hacer haz tener ten venir ven poner pon Object pronouns and reflexive pronouns are attached to the end of affirmative, informal commands; but add an accent to any command of more than one syllable. Tell me the truth! ¡dime la verdad! 10 Write it (letter) now. ¡escríbela ahora! Do it! ¡hazlo! Sit down! ¡siéntate! To form the negative, informal commands use the YO form of the Present tense, drop the ‘o’, and, for –AR verbs add ‘es’; for –ER and –IR verbs add ‘as’, but watch out for spelling changes : hablar no hables comer no comas escribir no escribas volver no vuelvas pedir no pidas hacer no hagas salir no salgas empezar no empieces tocar no toques llegar no llegues The same verbs that are irregular in the Formal commands are irregular in the negative tú command: ir no vayas ser no seas saber no sepas estar no estés dar no dés 00000 Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative adjectives indicate the position of the noun they modify with respect to the speaker and the listener. An object may be close, slightly far, or far from the speaker and the listener: This chair is comfortable That chair (nearby) is more comfortable But, that chair (over there) is the most comfortable The Demonstrative Adjectives in Spanish are: For something close to the speaker: este (masc.) esta (fem.) estos estas For something reasonable nearby : 11 ese (masc.) esa (fem.) esos esas For something far from the speaker and listener: aquel (masc.) aquella (fem.) aquellos aquellas This chair is comfortable. Esta silla es cómoda. That chair (near the listener) is more comfortable Esa silla es más cómoda. But, that chair (over there) is the most comfortable Pero aquella silla es la más cómoda. There are three adverbs that can help distinguish respective locations or perspectives. They are often used for emphasis: aquí - here ahí – there (nearby) Allá / allí – over there 00000 SABER vs CONOCER SABER : o To know a fact or information o To know how to do something Yo sé nosotros sabemos Tú sabes vosotros sabéis Él/ella/ud sabe ellos/ellas/uds saben 1. Yo sé que pasa en la historieta. I know what happens in the story. 2. José sabe a qúe hora empieza la clase. José knows what time the class starts. 3. Sabemos bailar bien. We know how to dance well. CONOCER: o To know people (to be acquainted with people) o To be acquainted with something / someplace o To know abstract ideas Yo conozco nosotros 12 conocemos Tú conoces vosotros conocéis Él/ella/ud conoce ellos/ellas/uds conocen 1. Yo conozco a mi profesora. I know my teacher. 2. Elena conoce a la Sra Ramos. Elena knows (is acquainted with) Sra Ramos 3. ¿Conoces los cuadros de Pablo Picasso? Do you know (are you acquainted with / familiar with) the paintings of Pablo Picasso? 4. Conocemos la literatura de los mayas. We know (are familiar with) Mayan literature. 00000 Stem-changing verbs (“shoe” verbs) ✓ Some verbs change the vowel in their stem in the Present tense ✓ The endings for the verbs do not change! ✓ These verbs change in every person except the NOSOTROS and VOSOTROS forms ✓ There are 3 kinds of verbs that make this change: o > ue stem-changers e > ie stem-changers e > i stem-changers o > ue stem-changers DORMIR Yo duermo nosotros dormimos Tú duermes vosotros dormís Él/ella/ud duerme ellos/ellas/uds duermen e > ie stem-changers PERDER Yo pierdo nosotros perdemos Tú pierdes vosotros perdéis 13 Él/ella/ud pierde elloa/ellas/uds pierden e > i stem-changers PEDIR Yo pido nosotros pedimos Tú pides vosotros pedís Él/ella/ud pide ellos/ellas/uds piden 00000 Third person verbs [GUSTAR, etc] Aburrir to be boring; to bore Interesar to be interesting; to interest Gustar to be pleasing; to like Encantar to really like / to love / to be enchanted Doler (o>ue) to be painful to; to hurt Importar to be important; to matter Parecer to seem / to appear to be ➢ These verbs have a real and translatable meaning ➢ These are a special type of verb that are only conjugated and used in the 3rd person, since either one thing (it) or several things (they) are pleasing; boring; interesting, etc. ➢ The subject follows the verb ➢ The Indirect Object Pronouns are used and are placed before the verb EX: Me to me nos to us Te to you os to you Le to him/her/it/you (ud) les to them/you (uds) Me gusta el libro. Me gustan los deportes. The book is pleasing to me. (I like the book) Sports are pleasing to me (I like sports) 14 ¿Te interesa la música? Does music interest you? (Is music interesting to you?) A Elena le importan las novelas de Mark Twain. The novels of Mark Twain are important to Elena. (The novels of Mark Twain matter to Elena.) No me importa. It’s not important to me (It doesn’t matter to me.) 00000 The Present Progressive tense ➢ The Present Progressive tense is used to describe what someone is doing right now !! ➢ The Present Progressive tense is formed with the appropriate form of ESTAR as the helping verb and the present participle (Gerund). Formation of the Present Participle (Gerund) Take the infinitive form of the verb Drop the infinitive ending Add –ando or –iendo hablar habl hablando Use the correct conjugated form of Estoy Estás Está ESTAR as the helping verb estamos estáis están I am speaking Spanish. Estoy hablando español. We are eating tacos. Estamos comiendo tacos. Are you living here? ¿Estás viviendo aquí? comer com comiendo Irregular Present Participles Leer Creer Traer Caer leyendo creyendo trayendo cayendo 15 vivir viv viviendo 00000 El Pretérito – the Preterit tense ➢ There are two past tenses in Spanish; the Preterite and the Imperfect. ➢ The Preterite is used to talk about an action that took place at a specific time in the past; usually only one time. It is used to describe single actions. ➢ Present tense spelling changes DO NOT carry over into the Preterite. Formation of the Preterite of regular –ar verbs For regular –ar verbs, start with the infinitive form: Drop the infinitive ending (-ar) Add the following endings: -é -amos -aste -asteis -ó -aron hablar habl Yo hablé nosotros Tú hablaste vosotros habló ellos/ uds Él / ella / ud hablamos hablasteis hablaron Formation of the Preterite of regular –er and –ir verbs For regular –er and regular –ir verbs, start with the infinitive form: comer Drop the infinitive ending (-er) com Add the following endings: -í -imos -iste -isteis -ió -ieron Yo comí nosotros comimos Tú comiste vosotros comisteis comió ellos / uds Él / ella / ud 16 comieron 00000 -GAR, -CAR and –ZAR verbs in the Preterite Because of pronunciation, verbs ending in –gar, -car and –zar will have a stem change in the “yo” form in the Preterite. It only occurs in this person, since this is the only place where the ending starts with the letter “e”. LLEGAR – to arrive llegué llegaste llegó toqué tocaste tocó legamos llegasteis llegaron TOCAR – to play (music) tocamos tocasteis tocaron EMPEZAR (ie) – to start / to begin empecé empezaste empezó empezamos empezasteis empezaron 00000 Reflexive verbs A verb is reflexive when the Subject and the Direct Object are the same. The action of the verb is reflected back onto the subject of the sentence. I see you. This verb is not reflexive because I and you are not the same person. I see myself in the mirror. This verb is reflexive because I and 17 myself are the same person. Reflexive verbs indicate that the subject of the sentence is doing something to himself / herself. In English, the object is usually one of the following: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, or themselves. In Spanish, reflexive verbs have [se] attached to the infinitive in the dictionary. Reflexive verbs have a Reflexive Pronoun in front of the conjugated verb. Adding a Reflexive Pronoun will change the meaning of the verb slightly. DESPERTAR [ie] to wake up someone [else] DESPERTARSE [ie] to wake up [yourself] NOTE that despertar is a stem-changing [“shoe”] verb !! Reflexive verbs are conjugated normally in whichever tense is called for, then add the appropriate Reflexive Pronoun: Yo me despierto nosotros nos despertamos tú te despiertas vosotros os despertáis ellos / Uds se despiertan Él / ella / Ud se despierta Yo despierto a mi hermano a las cinco. I wake up my brother at five o’clock. Yo me despierto a las cinco. I wake [myself] up at five o’clock. Bañar(se) to bathe (oneself) Luisa baña el perro cada día. Luisa bathes the dog every day. Luisa se baña cada día. Luisa bathes (herself) every day. 18 19