Unit 3: Slime Molds

((un4-3)) (Stime molds)) part-1 Generos chorveteris the of silme molds →Stime molds for mourts) Chionophyll. agroup of they don't have eukaryotic organism and they. Siime moulds cune somnocrated by the platramembrane anty (Somatic prints ame without cell walls) Houtever, the pores have que cellulase cen → At one stage of the life cytre, Sime moulds have amoeboid structure. → The silme mocide live usually amongst de Commen, on lawns and moist freidt. decaying vegetation. They ore quate → Siime moulds exhibit wide range of colourafion. → Silme moulds have phayotrophic on saprophytic nutrition. panasific Forcing are not known. →Both asexual and sexual modes of reproductions are found. They produce Spore within Sprsangia. Aspore possesses a cell wall of cellulare." → on genesue silme molds fall into two majore groups; the cellulour and the acestor some molds. betaveen the two groups is that A distinguishing morphological different the vegetative State of Cellulare Siime moids is a haploid ambe boid cells where as the vegetative state of acellular Slime molds is a moltinuciente a plasmodium. dipioid ambe boid mass casper called →They are known as Ringus animus Becaure Haupthey are resemble b with they are like protezon in theire both fungus and animous (protista), they a amo e bold plassertia sage and similare to true fing fing? in spore Formation. occurence: Siime molds are usually found fa sofi, lawns, on the Foriest on deciduous & loge. They contribute to the decomposition of dead vegetation. →They are also seen in infiancescence, fruits, molches ete. They are Eastry marked for thein colourmed Fruktification, and sluggish Onakore. Classification 23 Sime, mourds are a group of eukaryotic Organisms that have confused the classicace, mycologist, and were their forte included in the foryou kingdoon. Antony De D Bany considered Siime moulds animece or closely related to antray and reeffered themas mycetozen. His work was supposed by Messey. But due to the occurrence of furgae Hof like spores and Spatangia, some mycologists, like Alexopoulos, Martin, and Ans-Ainswoth, included them under the fergae kingstom bot, not as tove fungi. Alexopoulos incructed the silme molds in the Subadlivision mexromycotina of the dhrvision mycata. Aincworth are kept these organsoms undere the olvision myxomycota of the ki kligodem fingi. martin Included them under the Subdivision myxordycetina of the division mycota Similare to that of Alexopoulos → webstere and webere have kept the slime molds in the two Subdivisions myxomycota and plasmediophosomy coda in the kingdom Protezan. → In the modern clrusification Sime molds are well recognized as protozoans due to their voicenetare chasattess, lack of cell wall & phagocytic modes of nupsition and have been grouped inder the Kingdom protozoa. The erganisms have been sugregated in fourr phyth of the kingdom propozon and they they are: phylum plasmodio- Phorse mycota, Phylums: myxomycota, phylum: Aciastomycota and Phylum Choanoxo. →The crassification of silme molds is stris under chernges. The moderir) views favours the idea that there are multipule kinds of siime molds that are not for clasely related uhlie, Some groups of workers recognise six types, of Stime moids. The six types are (1) pe plasmodice slime melds There are single celled amoebo Flogenates that combine to make parmedia cwith thousands ofs nucrei They produre different kinds of fruiting bootice the most common y a Osprarejium type with Spere. Cellulare crime molds These are thout-combine to make indi viduose langer amoeboid Scale Single celled Single canganioms cells remain distinct within the onganibns Pr chich "pseudoplasmodium" ium" they have formed. That is why they are cellulare rather than Plasmodice (Ex: Dictyo Isteriom.) The protostelia These were first known in 1960s and are lex (The known than the above two like plasmodia on true silne meolds, they forem, a moltinucleate plasmodium. (i) The Arsasids: Their organion Functions like cellular Silmemalas but moleculare and Ultrastructurale. Evidence Indicates that they are biologically unrelated to other myceto zea. They have been classified with the Dictyastelids, which are essentially the center Sume mouds, but the dictyostelids are soil organisms, as they are found in dead plants, etc. 3 (v) they are called slime molds they do The Labyrinthulomycota Although they a not seem to be closely related to other kinds of Separate phylum in some classification. and mostly mess marrine in nature. Sime molds and forem a Farm a net plasmodium They form a The plasmodi ogherasmycota These are trave one plazmonlios silme molde but differ from the myxomycota in that the myxomycota are free Wing whereas these are parcasitic on plants and fingi. They are considered by some to bean entirely different quylum. *Howeverc mošly the silme nets the plasmoclave Slime moulds, the cellular moulds and are ver very and resemble to fingi. Common and have a similare life cycle Fruiting bodies in silme maals Fruiting bodies also come lime-caned Spursocamp on sporophores. Fruiting bodies generally occur in foute ishlare fores ore types, although there are a number of species that regstal regularly proclured chat appears to be a combination type. →The different types of fruiting bodies are: Sporangium, aethalium, Pseude avelhalium, plamendiocamp. Atypical fruiting body consists of a hypothallus, a stalk, a Columella, Penticon rever not at all these pants and present inau capinption and Spores. However types of Fruiting bodies. Sporangiom It is the most common type of fruiting body that may be Sessie on sheiked without any Narilation in the colour and shape. Sporo—theca is the actual spore containing the part of the Sporangion. Sporangia are usually in groups as they are delivered from separated portions of the same plasmodium. Aetha lium It is a cushion -shaped sexive structive. They are presumes to be masses of Completely fused sporoangia and are relatively large times exceeding Severage Gentim-centimeteres in length. Some- pseudoaethaltem It is uncommon and consists of sporangia Cofet closely crowded together. They are mostly sestie. platmodiocarp weins ofs They ane sessile and take the forera the plasmodion I from which beyane derived. of the math 4 (part-2)(gomycota) Tetroductive comycola, very popularity anal Synonymously cared as is a group of severne henetsed microorganitins Domycetes, is a Filamentous growth habit, absorptive mode by spores fore watch which thegioise they were long regarded. reg chich have of nutrition, reproduction as loves Singh. They are a means Found in the group. "egy fing" nefferring to the large rand dogania → However, the Studies in the evolutionary evolutionary relationship shows that they ane not related to troue fing? reathen they apportee focused furg reelected to augae and green plants alfre as the trup. arme closery related to zanimals. → This groups includes some of the mast devastating plant pathogens. which caure varjous diseases like seeding the feeding bright, rood cats, late bright of potato, Suckten ook death etel As they cause diseases like. Fingi and have mycelial growth they anre being studied as anied fungi not ass trave fungi. The most commonly known members of this groups Aibuge, phythium ete. ame phytophthorn General character's thes of Demycete → The vegetative, body is a filamentous to branched mycelium without sepla. The members of Leginidiales are unicellulour. The mytelium is multi nucleate, coenocythe cand the muciel are diploid. The cell wall contains frequlose and giveans and chilin is absent. The Vegetative body is either Eurample on holocarpic. biflagellacte ellate 200spore, which are 200spones, laterally. the flagella means of pyriforem on ren wall are attached anterionly and one flagellum is of fincce type. neniferim In Pyciform in reniform of whiplash type and the athere → on primitive aquatic forem, Zeaspornngjium are not well differentiateel Rate From Somatic hyphers, where as in advanced Felms distinct 200 sporangium are found. → Some forums causo produce non-motive asexvas spores knownag Conidia. →The sexual reproduction is of engomocis type Female ser engang are known as -vely. The sex -very ype. The mare and anthaidia and orgonia mes pet • Eigans een terminas are intere.carang! 5&now established that meiosis in comycetes takes place within the diploid nucrei of gametangia (antheridia and oogenia) hence is canned vegetatile thoulus is diploid. Zygote meiosis Nabsent. As a result the The gametes Formation ane non flagellate. The fusion of gametes result in the of thick asured of spore. →oomycetes Shows interesting parcares changes in theirs biology and, cchich are closely connected. with the phylogeny. mongho These changes cande: Fransition from aquatic to terrestrice existence. . Replacement of Sposangia poreducing water, dispersal to air, di pensas. zoospore by conidia, a change e farm Altern nation is biologicae requirements from saprophyffem to obrigate parasitism. • Refinement of panasistism facreasing host specificity and even organ Specificity. Ecology and occuriance 1 →The alter, mouds, as the name Sug Suggests, cre found mostly In moist damp habitats Suggesting theire coatere preferculing nature but it is not true. chic ane terrestrial prothogens. fonmony Species →They ocean for fresh couter, sea, in soil & above ground, Plantengas auso. → mostol the members are obrigate aerobes. They live elthere Saprotrophically on organic mother, or they may be obligate or 01 Plants! Facultative → Some Species cause dicentes in animous especiauny fishes and insects, Sporangia spp. cause serious infections on form fishes particulanty Salmem. → mast of the bioksophic species are pathogonte to plants cand considered as aggressive pathogen due to theire Serious damages economic crops. The pathogenic members of co-mycota can be clasified into four majore groups. (ⅰ) The phytophy thora group that couse die bark, late blight of potato, Sudden oak death. The pythium group that causes damping off diseaves. Lin The downy mildews group thest causes ahite, brownish on orive mildew on leaves undersides. (iv) The white blister roust group that comes white bilisten disease on variety of flowering plants like Brassicales, Asterales ete. av 6 Lyfe cylle of phytophthora 0 Systematic past tim Arexopoulos An fin.cwondh kingdom - plantave 6 Fing modern classification kingdom - Chromiste Division mycota Eumycote Phylum-comycete Class comycetes - comycetes onder phythiases Oridert Pythiaceae family-Pythiareap. family Reproduction 8 The methods. Fungus reproduces by asexves as well of sexuxe Accrued Repsaluation of curs by biflege nateel zospores porodweed in sporangia. → The brouched Sporangiophirses Ermenge out trangh, the stomatike openings on the lower surface of affected reafoues. → Spiesangia are rendeg en temon-shaped, witha papilla antherior end, hyalincon yellovsin Ette Colour. on their → The Sposangiophones are sympodias in nature, be after porduring a sporangiom at its HP, the growthy Renpued → Attecining meduration, the porto plast of each springiorno Severne chinixreate protoplast. di vides into t. Each proto plast metamorpheses to a uninucipate biflagellated reniform Zaspore. There is no cell wall in the Zoospores.. > The 200 Spores ane libesated through the papilla after bunsting of the Sposangiom. In termastrice species, Be sporangia are detachelly bay hygroscopic twisting of the sporangiophore on drying. →The zoospore germinate after. a period of Swiming. Thay they geammate thadiga. anel underc, favorable condition the encyst the geam tobe that gives inise to now myndlia infecting new host issue. (2) Sexual Reproductions sexual reproduction is orgamous and turns through gametangial copulation. →The male sex organs are called led as antheridia and the Female Sexorgans ane calmed as cogonia. →The species maybe homo thelic aben both the se xongans devetoped on the Some, mycelium enit may be heterothalle abien they are berne on different mycelia → Antheridia develop earlier to the cogonia. Antheridg parcagynous in position (abon remain Paterae. may be to oogonia) on Cemphigynous in position when the Female Sex organs deveups from the hyphae piercing through the antheridiem. →Ankeridie, deveropegat be aper of the hyphae. 8 Lifecyere of "AIBU60 Systemadfe paritim 89 Αποχαρουίος A Ainswonth modern classification king dom - plandore Fungi kingdom - Chormista Division mycote Eumycota Phylum - Domyenta class Ondert Ооту селез - Domycetes Onden Peronosponder Family Family Peronosportes - perrno spornies Albuginaceae Albuginarene family. Albuginareae Repndustin method. Reproduction eauns by caunsby! means of caseruns and Sexuere (a) Asexual Reproduction: After centain Stage of growth and ramification In the leaf Hisue, It produres pads ofs hyphae at certain rare below the epidermis- → Some hyphae grow venticoury. as short thick wa-ed en branched club Shaped structures and the perpendiculare to the realy sunfale. →They are called sporangio phorres white Same regard them cu conidiophores. → from these sporangiaphonies. Sposingiem is produced by enlangement followed by deep constriction, several Sposangia, Pane Produced in basipellere chains from the tip of a Single Sperangiophone. → A gelatinous pad develops in between consecutive sporangia. → Each Sposangiem is Smeus, Erreath, Racing and multinucleate unit. → Due to vigorous proeduction of such sporangiophores in one location it's coured Sperorgias Sorus. The epidermis nuptures anel expeses the sporangia as white blisters on pustures. → the exposed sporangia are white th colure. → sporangia ane dispersed bywing corrent er by rabios water. → On Suitable Substration and favovocable conditions the sporangia germinate in two canys depending on the temperature." • If a the temperature is low and moisture is more tey behave ay 2006 porrrington. The multinu create proto plast olivides and each nucleus organizes to forem a hidney-shaped bifagenated zoospore. from a single spesangien. bach Several sporpe arce Forcmed from a zoos forme conterin me achiplash type Gone. tlaser type dingena bilkrally. They are liberated by the Roptisest Sperangic coalls. Zoupones culmin sontes, settle on the host fundhee nound off and form accall anaoned ft. Then it gremi nate 9 through a gern tube which penetrates the host thirage Stoma anel roning a In the para inter cxenciar sprice of the lead mesophyll tissue- In dreycondition when temperseuture Conidium. It directly germinates to Is high, the Sperangture be haver ay the Perum a geramtube that pene fantes the host througe stofnada on thraigh injury and develops to mycelia in the fontesse nular Space. Sexual Reproducties Sexual reproduction is cogamous. The Female Sex origan are called segaria and the move ser engans are called antheridia. →The sex organs anise on separate hyphae called matre and Femoue hyphae → Ongmium oniginates as a globulare enlargement at the tip of female hypha. 24 Montains roci, neserve food madesiones Separates it from the rest of the hyphae. septum at Pits bave A →The nucier divide mi toticary to increase in nisoeben. The proto platno ther gradualny conganized to two distinct Zones. The even multiomicreate zome Periplatom and the centore Zone dense caplafm. →The meature coplasm is entrucreate. Some say that the eninucleate condition is due to extrusion of all nuciel from cophism to permplarm except one. whereas Some other group viecos that the uninucleate condition of au nuere except one in is due to odegeneration the saplarm at matinity.. oopermect as the eyg on coosphere. Thes uninoueate → Ankernctions develops from the mane hyphae lyng region of mare hypha entanges to forem a clob cut off frions the hypha by a a septum Close to the cogenics. The tenmin -shaped swering that is to forus the anthemidiom It is multisvcreate, only one is functionare. →The antheridione attaches to the organice wore and develops a Fertilizaf tubes at the point of contact. This tube penetrontes the cogenfore was and reaches the egg through the periplarm. > The Functionae nuereus enters to the egg and Fuses. Other nuciel of antheridium degenerade, to form a diplopod oospore →The cospore & thick odellood and 3 Layered. The outer layer y wate coanty. Daspores released by ane nele the decay of the host tissues. →Prion to germination the diploid oospore nucleus divides finsa melotically and then by repeated mitotice division to forem 32 nocie?, each one haploid. →Germination of caspone: The 22, nucreate cospore indengures a period of nest and then germinate after the return of suitable envirmment. The agnosis divide repeatedly by mitoris to form a verry tangerso.of nuciel. Bach nuciens with some anlount of cytoplarm gets ofiganized into a melospore. Each meiospore metamorphose to a biflagellate reniform 10 Structure called 200melospore. These xoomelosperes cane libemast elthen by tube. the Cracks th the oospore wall or through shord exit →These 200 me its porres then settle on the sulkubre host, withdraw the flogelia, round off and nest. Then it germinate ar a germ tube that enters the host fissu fissue through Aemada and rami namify In the Intercellular Species of the leaf tissue. →The life cycle of Albugs Il bugs is haplontic due to the long dunation. haploid stage. The diploid stage is found only in the cospore. گاه as myteria