Unit 2: Applied Mycology

Deification: The branch of botany which deals with the shed (Such as as a source of food medical organic acid; in agriculture; study of Application of fungi monotony, Producten flavour &texuture, Baking as mycotoxin conoid caused as "Applied mystery". 45 Biologicas in the mushroom Collation mushroom cultivation on mushroom for Soonce of earnings to farming, is now a doyea comenen propre for two reasons: 1. lous investment and 1. unga demang fore mushrooms in the food) sector. → Mushrooms Provide many of the nutritional attributes found in meat, beans on grains. Nutritional these one low in coveries, fed free, cholesterol force I gluten feree, low (To Bodium but provide Sereniem, potassicom, riboflavin niacin, vitamin D and many morre essentias requirements ahen taken as a fond. This necessitated the demand fore mushrooms to this mushroom Cultivation is an everyabere in the coonid and allucing business. → There are neasuy 8000 Species of mushrooms which are edible are over the Amangst them there are 300 species found in India. The edible world. Amangst mushrooms found in native can be grouped into five categories on the best's of the abfrity to Colonise the natural Substrates. The Five Ocatagonies are: 1. Grow on fresk plant nosidues: Examples: pleurcotus, Lentinus, Tremetia ere. 8. Omaul on fainty decomposeal maderias: Agaricus. 3. Gnow on vey Bittine compost residues: Ex: copicinus, stoophatzia etн. 4. Grow an soil and humus: morichella (an Ascomycota), Lepleten ele. 5. Grow as mycorrhizae: Tuber, Boretis, Amaniter ete. most of the edible mushrooms cutivated mushrooms genera, (India). belong to Basidiomycota phylim. However These ane Agaricus, voliante Agaricus bispenes (cosest lla and pleurotus as button mushroom), voharuzella voluarea (caledas staan) moshroom) and pleurcatis sajon cajn (caued coas @ysten moshnooms) ane cultivated in commerciise stou e. The method described hene deals with the colttuation of button moshozems (A. bepornus). Production technology →In andia this butter mushri.com is goran seasonally in environment controlled cropping houses. white button mushrooms seeme Requines 30-28°c for vegetathe grow and 18-18 Umumidity for reeproductive groowth. It requiries humidity of 80-90% and a relative enough ventilation during coping. The mayor mushricem producing states in & Indian arra Himachal pradesh, Uttare Prodesh, panjab, Haryana, Tamirladu, kannataka Andhon pradesh and and 2 The process of mashroom Cultivation involves the following steps: (1) Sporten production (1) compost preparation (int) Spawning (i) spacen Renming (1) casing (vi) frustaling and preserneltion. (1)Spawn production ก vegetative Spourn is the porre hyphae (mostly the primar pure variety of the mushroom Primany myreria). the Hivising future on the stocks of the sevecting strains of be mustrocom Stenite ondition. →The quality, Flavour, size, texture of the mushriers depend on the Spawe quality and punity. Spawnsane produred In the agricultursae notasch labosatensies, unlucctiftes culo and sold in market at Suisidipudantes by the government shops. →The objective is to provide longes Self life. I a high pekentice spawn for goud yield and (1)Onmpost prepanation compost is the substrode on abiks the math rooms ane cultivated. The quality of compest deformines the yield. →Compest is gererenny prepared from a mixture of plant wastes (Stanl of consais/sugaricane begrises etc), Solts Unica, sugan phosphatel gypsum ete), Supplemathie (rice bran jubeat bomen) and weten. This is al Synthetic compost ding. The compost canalto be natrone with use of horese →Toyield 1kg of mushroom, 220g of dry substrate is required. The Gandard composition of one tone of compost hoa nitrogen 6-6ky, phauptaly aa ky, potestions 5.6 kyulich would get commented. 06219, 15% K on a doby weight bonis. The ratio 25-30:1 (as the time of sticking and JAF 198XON, OB of CoNishould bess 16-17:1 the firee Compest. Sudiou - There are two methods of competing suchast (4) Short method of ampasting. Long method of composting. (a) Short method In this method paddy strouw The Straw is sufficiently Awadened Components as mentioned Ps osed. to keep it wet anel the rie mixed thoroughity ame with straw. The Straw is then Stacked in s'x5' size on in any convivent size. →The Shack is tirered and different treatment and grien át trong Huening cas pornthe following e and day 1st turining 5) a day 2nd -water is added sufficiently. -Gypsum is added of Du Spiciens coder. dây -3nd & filos tirening colous of the compost becomes brown and ammia Smell Omes out. 7 The Dood phase is the pasteurization plove. 34 carented at insite a Steaming ricem abere an în temperature of 60% is maintained fon y hours. This is done to kill undrained mienbes and compηλίκους and to movent-crementa Rite mienblat protipo. Afestet the substrate 3 200rd 40 aste. The compost afle obtained after this steige is granulare, Conte contains 704. moisture and les pll 75. 94 is dark brown in totous cand without any Smelt any 1 of amanonia, losects and remetodes. This is now neauty for Spawning. spawn (b) Long method of compostinges this method is followed cohere steam pasteu rizacion facility is not availathe. There are severyous Falowing scheddie. turninyo as per the Gthday aftes prepmontion of Substrate - 1st turrning-watering (it) londay - and turning-swatering (1) 13th and Gypsum is added. (1) 16th ir 4th (V) 19tr day - 5th thorning 22 domy 6th furnin 3 (vii) 25th day-th mestathione on Buc is added (101) (vìⅲ) 28th day The compost leto be Checked for any ammonia Smer contericel at every turning and ousis at intenvay to mainta moliture Content of the Compost give aut Oammoma, Smeu, then same mome tuenings ang riequired. The cottopost noco ready for Spavoning. (iii) Spawning Spawning the mixture of spars with the compost. Of istovene in several ways: •Spot Sposonings ning: 911 this method, 1mps of the Spawnane prosted in scm-deephaes mode in the compost at a distance ofs 20-25 cm. The holesourie covered by compest • Surfore Spaoning 14 The space is spread evenly at the top layers of the compost and then mixed to a depth 안 layer of compost. 3.5cm. The top porttion is covered with a thin Layer Spawning 3-4 layers of spawn milked with compost ane pre porred whil is again covered with a thila laye's of compost. the mixing dase of spawn is 7.sme pen sky of compast on 750g/100 ky of comp Spawn kuring In this process the Spawns grown to myreikou forcims Paside the compost any colonise the compost entirely. For this, the compast is either kept in polythene bag? Contam 20-30 kg on ad 80-85 ka kg pon bay wooden Shelves. Son kefto soood in trage to →The fungal, bodies gout and take about 18-14 days to colant se the Compes). The temperature is to be maintaine of al 93.12°c and relative humidity be al 90%. High! terepesature is detrimenter. (4) Casing Afke Spawn Running proren the compast beds should be covered with a layer of Soft of about 24 cm thick materias must be highry Ferous with high to indoned fouiding. The Peut mess is best fore Casing but a notcivailable plently. Soter Sotere mixture of gourde random (1) ayspent team soll and bred (4:1), decomposed cowding and Sand and time any used. Y How evere, before application the casing must be pasteurized at 66-70% for ch 4 before is days. After casing is done, the neem terryis should be maintained at 23-28% al riclative hu humidity 35-90% for 8-10 days. (1) Fruiting, Hanvesting and Land preservation under favourable conditions of tempo adet humility, thel ting hairy & Prities appear in the form of pin hands and they growiening developed to butters stage. Harvesting is done at button stage. The first scopappens about 3 urock after cuting. The cys measuring 2-5-4cm sizes are honvested mushrooms must be harvested by light ing without disturbing the caring soft tulisting with once the harvesting is completed Sterilized casing friesterious. the gaps must be candreef with fragh Neary 10-14kg of compes in Fresh mush stored ane obtained per lock of fresh too months crop short mothed of compost preparation gives more yfeeds. Shinpa storage of mushrooms is most impactont damaged and not saveable as te astay cane on else they will be leevested mushrooms are to be touhed ine Solution coater to remove soil parcticres and ing Solution of sa kams Indured while thess. in lol • Aftes removing excess water, these are packed in perforated pa and ane Ob be forated Paybag! kept at 4-5% fon a period 4-5 daye. This is the mach procedure as Fuggested by! mushroom, chambaghal, sovan (Hp) National centre fort → The corop is sore susceptime tudiseases like try bubble (brown spots), wet bubbles (white mould), cobweb ete. so professional helps can be taken For this and for a successful mushroom cultivation. Application Fungi of Fungi in Food Industries (1) Been, wine and Bread 13 Yeast are used to Fen ment bees, wine and beend- Sarcheromyres rozevisae (known as bakers yeast) is a singe firgus alich is used making the bread and other aheal basest protects such of pizza, dumplings. The cog is makes the evolved during the fermentation brend land pizza soft and light. Ust is also used for production of airoholic beverages like beer, wine ete. Breadmaking Erread contains mixture of flour, water, Sugan, and said. The floure usvary wheat flour. Yeast Ferment the fugoue in the mer feriming toy fand alcohol. The released rog muset bubbles to form by elastic extension of gluten aihe on the flour's. .on baking allthes evaporaties out. The longth of lemoning, repeating kantity of gluten in the flour, th the constituents of the groun and the temperatere determines the ta texture and Flavour of the bread. to saja save & is commerciciny prostored by the help of fingue Aspergilnes Опухає. 5) prodoctim of cheese Cheese is Role still one of ex most impondent fengpur proroctices t In two different ways during in ripening from out side. the cheese Freiem milk. Fung Production Play They may assist of the cheese and they can import fiavours from inside well chers. various yeout and filamentous fing? of the cheese by deliberate Insectation. Colonise the sun face → Soft chees are ripened from out side, penichiom Camembeli is inoculostes onto the Sunface of the cheese were growth overs 7-to 70. days Imponts a fierible texture and intense Remy texture. powdery ulille arust and contribute to the reenmy Flavort →Some albere cheet ane sabinoculated with a sheain of peniciniem reque fund??. They forcem bave steaks or veins through the cheese. The Fungus Imports The formous Jstrong fiorous due to the aerobic production of ketones. blue cheese cheese Produced with tuts Forges. Roquefort, Gongo nxolaand stilton, Danish bure (it) Productim of mushroom lame, fingi tike Agricus bis prsous ways eaten as food Inancient periods Deancy wow Years ago. Now edible fungi fac humore consumption ar Cultivadel in highly motraniceg ondye worldwide and the production is నగర rusing demands. constantly incridating due to Conten →The coordonny cultivated (botton metho (bottor mashram), mushrooms for feed purpose ane Agaricus bispονους bysten mushyroom, Meshi ake mushroom (Lentinus edodes), volvariella, volvorea (Straw (mushroom, Chinese mathsoom)ex. (iv) production of myco mycoprotein! protein Irecent innovation in feed technology is the development of Donn mytopstein fran a filamentous fungus. Quorn is profcduced from myreria groove in big aire lift fermentors. The Filamentousnature of the biomass is niesponsible fin the mead like texture and appearance the Final product. →The Nutritiones, analysis of (mas freshly harvested Quorn's given greed soog) berow Constituents Protein Fat Carbohydrate- Soodlum cholesterol The remaining mass Pretudes ananity of minersaus, vitamins as weltag nucleic acids. The lernen "mycoprotein" (rist Intordur cal by R. H. me Dougair) is Osed for Protein produced on glucose ore stanch substrates. Different fing and the Substrates sised for protein production suchas Aspenglius nigers A. oryzae use substrate cellulases Hemicellulose for protein producting, other penicistum cycloplum fer ise Givrose, Lastase, Galactose and Rhizopus chinensis Glucose, maltes fan ere for Production. → production of my to protein represents a more efficient convention of cambahydrates than pordection of antimax protect. 7→Recombinant DNA technology, which peerudes yeasts and other fing? has markedly Increased markets for nieobiou enxymes. Molecular manipulation. -slon home has been added to mutatlanou techniques as a means of increasing titers and yield of microbias prores cand in the discovery of new drugs. (e) TRole of Ferg? in Agriculture (As Blofenshizer) →an generacie bioflectitizens, comprise microbial thocula on assemblager. Spring of living micro-ongoniems chich, exerct direct on inaltrest benififts on plant growth lang Crop yield through different mechaniom. → These enganim are able to fix atmospherie nitrogen ore solubilize phosphiases decompose organic materias on oxidize sulphur in the soft that are benificias to Jagriculturas production in terms of nutrients Supply. → use of gansibacterias, and bacteria ane common as biofentitzers used mainly for increasing the nitrogen fertility of soll. yield con biofertilizer." Fungicusu contribute to the pront growth Mycornchizal fing? med os biofentilizer: The mycocchi zae fingi forum mutualistic symbiotic relationships with plant roots of more than Bo% of the land pants excluding the crops and forest time. Species. The two dominant types of mycorrhine coured ectory couchixae and. arbusculare mycorrhizae very helpfur to ane ver used on the plant growth and development fore which they are →Ectomycos'ficaue fingi (ECM) donot penetroake the living cells of the Roots bat omy Surround them camel they help the plants in the following ways Absorb and actumulate nitrogen, phosphorus, pomisium, caurient more rapidly than the normar foot. •exical down complex minesce and organic Ribstances in the Sofi. Increase the tolerance of the plants to trought soil Hoxing, soll PH condition. , high soil temp • protect the root's from puthumen. (Ex: Tuber, Rhizopogen) →Endomycorenhizal fungi (Em) are intracellulan and pene toode the root Cointitar cells. They form vesicle like struckre, cared aributesculan Vesicle for which they are known as vesicular anbusculare mycorrhiza (VAM). These fungi play an impondant role in plant growth, helth and productivity- They help the plant in fue following Following ways! abson's nutrients especicung the low available nutrients like copper Increase S seeding brerante, emprove sol Structure • Increase herbivory to lerance, Pricrease pollination, Prorave 50?) to the plants. abrilty and heally metre tolerance. (Ex: Giomus, Gigafora Geosiphon) They also providbe protection against soll burne pathogens and provide resis -tante against Reed not diseases. Other fing? usest as Biofertilizan Some species of penicillion, Aspengimus, Chaetonium ek have been cored for production, biofertilizers cause to commercice Scates. of firgas penichiem bilaine Prereases yield in canola. matter, Phosphorus uptake, and seed dry matte Aspernginus nigern, A terreu, involves in solubilization of phosphate thecough the production of various origante glucante, glycolic acids. So they ared and now auids like citric, oxalk we fun as biefferniiizer. Fingi Al Mycotoxins Produces thes these toxins, it is assumed that myelticing exist as a self-deferve for these molds. Besides, there toxins weaken-the ane toxie Secondary metabolites mycotoxin's ane produced by some members Jof fengee kagdom, comndeniy knownay molds. There are about 100 species of toxic molds which produre mycotoxins. These toxins are ferrol thesought a toxic moldecorony and on the Spors. Although there one no certain mod reasons as to why the fingun firgus gus can spread easily. →There are nearly 200 types of mycotoxins discovered and more may be discovered discovered in funfere. However, the major groups of mgestoxins are: Alfatoxins, citrinias, ete. Enget alkaloids host so that the • Alfatoxins Aplatenxins are produced by the toxic molds, the Species of Aspenginus like A. Flauspand A. parasiticus. The most importents alfatorins are B1, B2, G1, Gg and mi. B. is the most abendant alfatoxin. It is also most toxie and rancine genic. These toxins affect agriculture and end opin food. Citrinin These toxins was first obtain from penicillum eftrinum. Now severne species of penicillium and Asperginos are Fand to produce this mycotoxins. This toxins is found contaminating humem food like wheat, nice, coron iye, oats ete. The Yellow nice decrease in Japan is due to thes toxins. Erget Αικαιοίας Engot alkalofty ane common Contamination of retreaus agave, Fungus claviceps spp. grown in cereales and grasses. The ingestion of the compite of infected cerseals in form of onead practured from the contaminated flours cause the dipeare. The disease is known as "engotham Eriget ottom: 94 is historically Iknown st. Anthony's extent, arkalons can affect the blood supply to the extremities and the central nervous system. med leave mycology medios animal pathogen. Fing ane tirery few species that are Presy cology is the Standy of the, fugiens human and mostly the pathogen lof plants. Theyane compensa patilo genic human beings also. The fingar diseases are comed mycosis to humans, How ever fungi affects of animals including human beinge →The human fingae pathogens can be classified according to the type of infection 1. Superficial infection whiten are cessed by fing? that attack the skin ak appendages itke milis, Feathers, hans, ete. O these fungiare caused dermato- phytes. a. Systemalte infertion deep within the Have involving vidar organs and even nervous systeros. This Infection may be Fadal Jan may be The fingi one teansmitted through blood circulation on asapienteg chlume. The System. 3. Enteru mediate infection) Heese where the infection occurs below the skin but nemains localized. →The Fungave diseases however, conbe Clinicamy grouped as: (a) Superblad my roses: These ang houe shaft. No living tissue response from superflefas infections of the steps or Ps invaded and there is no ceTVIAR the most. The infections are often So insignificant that the patients ane unaware of their condition. EX! white priedra, Black Piedra. (b) Cutaneous mycoses There are Superflike fengar infections on hask. No living tissues ane affected hadevan a pathological change may of skin, nalis vanieples of be observed in the head due to the preserve of the infection infectious fungi and thiefre meterberic Producks. EX! Dorcmendo mycosis, candidiasis of skin muxerus membrane and naiς. (e) The Subcularous mycoses? These ane chronir, localized infections of shin and subcutanears tissue. The causative fingi ane alle soir Sporophytes. to que tissue environment and elicit the disease. They adapt Ex: sporo-tricosis, Labamycoste exe. (d) Dimorphle systemic mycosis: There are the fungae infections of the body due to dimorphie fungal pouthagens. physiologicas andrellular defences of the The patilogens igens over come the baly by changing thes morphological force. Their preimany sites of infections are Pulmonary track due to inhalation of the conidia. EX! Blaze mycosis. bovary the (e) opporcjonistie System mycoses such type of infection exture in. the hexmeun beings Chase immune system is weak. The organisons invowel ane cosmopolitan Opn excurrence. The incidence of the disease is mere Cominen in eps patients, patients having cancer, post-rensplaken, Chemo-therapy, excess weer of antibiotics ete. which have neduced the Pmmunity. Ex: Candidiasis, Aspergillosis, Zygomycosis ete. Sortessfur frundment diseases. of fingar. It is because diseases is difficult than the bacteriie the balksia ane prokangetic and strepe Cell make Ups are different from the human cells. Bat king? ane eukaryotle like oun reus. So it is difficult to Find a Sultable chemicals that king the Angi without affecting our eukaryothe cells. Compared to athere pathogens fingi are evolutionary close to termas chich limits the scofle of day discovery and development. F) Rove of fung in Bioc in Biocntisol agent Amyrofungicides Some Fungi have the petentious to kin other fing and they are therefore cured "my co fingicides! →Furgi have the cabhity to underige autolye's echon there's depletion of nutrients in theirt growth environment. They are negurand to digest their own cell wote in onder to reach the nutrients conteaned inside the hyphae. → So Some of the Fung? Synthesize lytic enzymes like chliinate and gcon is a glucoxidase which allow this destructie action. Umy cofungicide'd tse thi's ability to destroy harmful fungal pest using different strategies. *Specifics shop example of myos fugteides: Trichoderma spp, are the most A crops like tortouto RS, es, by competing fore ally by prodlbeing. tes cinerea afflects a latige numbere of grapes. Thanzianum attacks this Inhibits the germination of B. Cinesea nutrients such as freen destructive pou teare enxyme. (i) Root not of Conifers Oxosed by Hetero basidium annasum is a devastating disease of Yenoto pines. The disease spreads Imorge largely throu controll Infestation of freshly cot Gumps of rimes. led by treating the surface of cut. cwith a spore suspension of Priebia Ppine Simps Pliebia gigantia añosos e coronization prevents subsequent cronization by the pronsite. muco honticites: Herbicides are the ayont used to kia hents especiany weeds. The fufgoue basket herbicides destay herbs ane Canned "myco hearicides" killing the weeds. Thate enganisons have the potentiass of As bloon tool agent they continuousity toxins that kill the weeds on t resulting on thoire death. ore they grow prodire as pamsite →The characteristics of an effective Podere mycohenbicide are: • coltusable in cuantificias media, • Stable in stenage, genetically stable, capable of abendant gporce production, • effective conden, fleid condition, • tolerant to temperature vanlation, • Normes Non harmlis to economic crops con of crimes and compatible with after chemicals and culture particies. →The fingae species mostly used as myccherbicides are s (4) colletotrichum gloeasyeroides. cercocospura nodmanii () phytophthora paumIVOOR (1) Alternanza crassiap Those fing, care now soid under various donde names in different coutries for sweed control. emycoinceuticides There are some fingoce species that con act as Parastos of insecte. The fing aunsch are wed to attach and kill inserts ane caned mycotacesticides, use of fungi and bacteria as insecticides Fore contoor of harumfum insects has been a part of integrated pest management. It is neponted the approximately 750 spores of fingi ane pathogenfe to insects. However meand 12 speries have been utilized annect onfect pathogenic forgi 2) one of the earliest Fungus is Beauveria bassiana (Gb) discovered freect which is found caenid wide pathogenfe in sofi and plants. (1) made of Action These fingi generally I'meete the insects! thein collue on the skin. After entering Potothe body Death is taused by They sapholly moHpply fissue destructide and some files of toxias prodaneg by the fungus. The Fungus frequently emerges from the insect Produce spores uifen Spread by sain on 1 body to wind on contact to other insects thereby affecting the insect population. (1) Commerciaczy anxitable mycoresecticides (a) Beauveria batsiaria Strain GHA is sold under the trade name mycotool GHOF and mycotool GH ES to control grasshoppers, locusts ane) mormen Crickets on range land, corn, cotton etc. m. anisophime is resisterend mycoinsecticide is as in control of household Cockroaches, 1 ) Astrandenges of the fungus dognot grows ine cream blooded ongoritms con is suavives tong In scoice belles (1) Spores cars withstand tiny periods of dryness and olles harg eminon mesese coeliana, at does not ment ponts in They are non poismns. (*) ensests denot develop resistance to these quickly. mycomemadecites plant parasitic nematodes senious 10ss to the agriculture, compres of nematodes by chemicne samneid although successful, they have great environmented hozands. Therefon biocontrol of nematodes is an eco-friendly approach. use of fungi as in by Londe? bidential agent against netmatudes was first suggested 1874 bit proper omomixed research Ganted in 1960s. By now nearly 200 spesies of Sofi fugiake known as tel In controlling nematode population eithere hove potentiaes parasiting xing them on pating one killing kem through the substadees suey secret nalinventily on kining. them → So, thase fing which and able to carred myconemadaiciles. kill and contoul nemadadley ane The nematophagus fingi can be broadly groupest into three groups: (a) predacious on nematode troapping fing?: They produce mechanicae on adhesive traps for capture the nematod. EX! They are ane mostu mostly Deuteromycotina. the genere belonging. * moniliarene of Fungi on endozole grasp sy they infect nemadodes (b) Endo parasitle Fungi ore er when their conidia (Spone) ane ingested on andher to the cuticle. 2 Ex: species of Hirsutella, Acnestalagmus, Hanpes porim ete. (e) opportunistic fungi or of attach the Female panasites: These fingi nematales on themeggs meter ahen they come in comitact with them. Ex! Species of Fusarium, Exophiala, Phoma ete. Secondary metabolilles