Part 2: Zygomycota

Zygomycota Introducsim so Zygomycota ore zygote fingi y a division of Firng? • Oty also known as conjugative Fingi. They are mostly terrestrial habitect. zysfomycota have tous classes-xygomycetes angf trichomycetes. • They reproduce by both sexwoung & asexually. → Ecology and occurance •The members are, abundant in soil and mostly saprophytic ane foond I in sofi, on durge of herbivorces (coured as Othere organic mattere th contact with sof1. In ratore. Thay Lepsophilas) on hy Some thike they behave as weak pathogens of soft plant tirsue and cause rent of sweet potatoes, fruits like apple, tomatoes, theneby cousing food spoilage. Some Umemba are panasites on othere Fingi. many fungi memberse case disesures of animals theluding man, The Species use a wide varities of Sugars. The members are known as house hoid moulds as they are fang A breads, jenies, James, Syrupsete. They are alle formed in commensatte assocketion with anthropods, Inhabiting the gut of the origpriemand tecating on unused nutrient. General charactercis thes 1. The hyphae walls are culetiy composed of chitin-Chitosan. 2. The motile cells are Completely absent fin the life lyere. 3. The plant body consist of well developed branched, fikamentous and coenocytill mycerium. 4. Asexual reproduction takes place usvely by means of non motifle Sporangioporres, called thlamydo aplanospores, but some memberzs also rieprodue e chiamydos perses by ch or by adfta oidia. 5. Sexuere reporoduction takes place resulting by means of game kingla Corpula In the Feremation of thick-clawed zygospore. 6. The Zygospore germinates by producing a gerem sporsanglophe re thet terminary beans a germ sportingium. Thames smyanizatfen: The hallus is myresiou, myrella ane, Coarse, coenorytic with rich branching. The branches Hapert to fine points. (c) the mycesia ane aseptate. Howevere Sepata are only fond to delimit Sporophones en dying positions of hyphae. () on paneesitie Form the theuns is higany reduresal. (v) The thallus excarpic. (1) In some members chizoids came found at the base of sporangiophorces. An acriat hypha when touches the Substrsatorn, Gesangiophories. (ie Rhizopus) beens tchizoids and (vi) The aerine hyphae are called stelons which are arcenih to the Substitetern, arcening and and num panale vacuole and lipid drops are seen in the cytoplasm. (ix) The celleall y complex with chilin, microfibrils and abundant of chitosan. (X) Ollien poryfacchanides, protein, lipids, pureines, Pyrimiblines, my, ca have aye been detected. (xi) cytoplacem often shows rapid Streeaming movement in some members. Nuclei ane haplod. (x) More? ane inregulare in shape and divide by constreiction an by mitosis and Spinolie furamection. andr not Rhizopus Nayotective Aructure →The snyceriom, which appears as stilte cottony growth, y coenacytle and Pro Fusely branched. Three types of hyphae recognised inte myceliomane Stolens, Rhizoid and sporangiophones. → Stolons arce those hyphae which grow horizontally above the substratem and arme comparatively Stout and less branched. → The Stolen devetop tufts of the ret zoids at rentain point of contact with the substratum. →khizalds are repeatedly branched heyphre which penetrate the subalteration and absorch coater and Fat nouruthment From it. → sporangiophores are erielt, dental and intrsenchey hyphae which grow Uputunde in tufts from the stolens exactly opposite to the chizoids. The Sporangiophores beans derimitial sporangia and they reproducive to function →The hyphae ane tabulare structures. The hyphal wall y microfibrillat and omoptex and consists of chitin-chitosan. Life cycle of Phizopur Rhizopus reprodure by vegeketive, asexual and sexual method ty vegetative reproducin Fragmentation. The oduction takes place by vegetative neproduction break up int Emai Wegekutive hyrhove (Stolans) may break up. Firogmints. 3. Boach Fragments is capable of developing into new myce Asexual Reproduction: Asexual reproduction takes place by the Formati of aplanospores are by chamydespores. (4) Spacesporel Dicky Favorable constitions, iss the most common method of asexual reproduction. The moltinucleare nemmottie spores, known af aplanaspores on sporangio poxes, are forcmed inside the round black sporangia, abich exeure singly catthe tips of the sporangiophores. → att sporangioghore deveing to tuft From the stoien opposite the whizoids. All the time of sporangiom formedten, the fir of the sporangiophese swees into a knob-like veertio. The cytoplasm, aing with many nuche?, frowy Frean the Sporangiophotre foto the tweren velicie. →The cyfo ultimately, the swollen opp develops in to a lange glo base structive-the young porangiom. → The contente of the young sporangiem som differentiated in to a periphens. dense multinucleate, region and a centisce negion with small fistered vacuelles and Fewer nucief. →There af tervalle formed between the two a shapes scence of valvoles. Finally a Spepernating the two region completely. regions by the Conte septem y laid down, → The centroal vaculented region & stertive and is known as Columella, where as the outere fentire region forms Sporcores. cleavage in the peripherae, Sporangi Ferrous zene result ίη μα Formation of Deveras mattinucreate regments, fach Segments Citimate treepfen into a globose, multinucleate, non motive aplanaspore. → By reuptining of the sponoungiore celle the aplanaspores are liberated. it germinates by wwen the spore fall ona Suitable Stcastroeturns, it producing a germitube. The genm tube ultimately develops" Pato a Pluffy anel Profuseny branched myselferm." (b) Ektyr chinmydispone During unpasburtable Conditions, arerual reeprosvetion takes place by means of chlamydaspores. At the time Chiamydasporse Formation, the mature myceliom becomes Septak and the protuplast of Coach Dell Foring a nanded and thich walled Sleuckre known as Chamydespere. → this spores are pene nating beadley and thy can pay unfavourable Condition. They germinate and Foam new mycela. (1) Sexual reprodution Sexual neproduefin takspace by the capulation of troomonphologicary Simitere multinucleate gametangia mest of the Species Rhizopus and hetero thalle, but few are hemothalife. →on hetoso thaufe species Rygospores are formed only when two mycoria als compatible stain come in contact with each other. Bout in how-thaute Speiles mycelia derived from a single spare may ferom zygospores. →During sexune receposodivertin, gametangia develop as terminal swelling on the tips of two hyphae ore hyphae branches. These progamefangin of appesite stam adhere by theire tips and enlarge by catcumulating cytoplasm →Aseptum'y then foromet a liftre below the tip of the progame tangfum, Separating the termeninae game dangiom from a proximae Sus pen Son →The gametang fom has dencely granulare multinucreate protoplast, close as the suspensore has a highly vaculated protoplast. The walls off the two gametanyia at the poths of thefre contoret distave and the pesto plost of both game tangia unite to forem a zygosporce. →The nuciet of opposite stains paire arie Pure to forem diplofst nuciei In the combined protoplast. The nucier, which fail to fuse in pain, Ut makly degenerate soon the young Zygespore encanges and secretes seves -ae layerred thick wall ansund Pt. The Zygosperme germinate after a long period of rest. Durcing gereminatlim, the Zygospore cracks open and a germ sporcangios phore emerges which develops a gerum sporangiom at its tip. →Reduction division oceans drewny the Foremation of germ Sposanglum 3 and the Sproangiom contains numerous haploidy Spones, →Bach Spore, after liberation, germinates to form a new mycellom * Occasionally, compuration does not take place between gametengias and these and t gametangia get avenunded by a many layered wally and then developed into axygespores.