Unit 2: Pteridophyta

Jamane pteridophytes (Gr. Phrom featties phythm & p constitute the mast print the shelters waste vascolar plants that reprodure by means of spores sind netter fruits non seed Had called (1866) groups of plants as 'pteridophyta' because of ofe feather like fremdsan theise pinnade of midasado → Like reptiles (finst trouve land animals that evolved aftere amphitis Pteridophytes are considered as the first trouve larid plants that evolved aftere bryophytes (amphibians of t theph plasto "Kiadem). Hence pleridophytes are some time's called as Batanical Snakes the Snakes of the plant king dom. Somethe they are also meffered to ay amphibians of the plant kingdon benduse they depend on externae sources of water fil General character te tres of plexidophytes κοήση στηοζίκο 1. The plant body y y sporophytic, differentiated into root, stem and leaves inthe matere Sporophyte y nutritionally independen of the gametophyte. on 2002 a. They show more much variation in They range from smoca annuas in in their forem size and habit. to lange tree-like perean lassan 200m taloud 3. Most of the living pteridophytes are terrestrial, growing in moist and shady places. Some members (Azolla, 160 etesek) are growing in permanent ponds. A few aquatte, usually occurring. xemphytic (te Species are xen Selaginella, Equisetum). 4. primary roots are ephimeraecand ace soon replaced by adventitious roots. The root hasa permanent growing apex. 5. The leaves are staly, Strall and Sessile ore lange, petiolak and compound, based on leaf structure, pteridophytes are classified into: ⅰ) micropitious pleridophytes: with simple leaves having a single Vein which denot form leaf gap toi the stem. megaphyllous pleido phytes with lange teaves pinnatified leaves having a complex series of veinss they prominentty seaf gap in the stem stere. 6. The stem is usually branched; • the branching is menopodiace on dicho to mous. The manches dones arises from the axits of the leaves al in spermatophyte. 33 7. The leaves and stem possess friforum trichomes. Clamata ane present on both the upper and lover Gunfure of the leaf. 8. Beriot and sters have well developed waswlan System, composed of xylem and phloem. cambium y, howvivere, absent and hence they donot show Seemcking growth. phyter odo show seen Secondary Pterido but sters of few living Pler on Secondary growth meguanly. 9. They reproduce by forel, produced in Sperrangia. The sporangia are usually borene on the ventral Sme members a featives axil of the leaf. arifure of the leaf but in fentite spice, beansing sporangia, anises from the 10. On aqualle forms like Azolla, Isltes sporangia are present within specialized Chruekree called. called Sporzcarposte II. Plants are eltuer homosporoices on heterosperous. 12. The leaves bearing sporangia arce known as Sporophylls! Sporophylls with mega perangia are lealled megasporophyllis and wpa, microsporangia dane micro sposophyns have ad alite 13. Sporophylls are elthere uniformly distributed on ane arranged Into compact comes (known as strobili) at the end of the chem 14. the sporε ισιμείs differentiatedinte guler exine and an infler Intime. The exine consistof outer layer on ectin composed of to radially placed columnan rode, called columellae and inner treras hery thin and prisuren endine is the spore on germination, gives rise to gametophytic generation. Development of gametophytem may be exo poric (te He garneto phyte develops outside of the spore), ore may be endosporic (game to phyte develops with within the ta spore toan) ) 12. The microspere are gives rise to tue male gametophyte and the meupspore give rise to Female gametophytes por pre 18. The sex organ are embedded in the prothallus on ane projected.e The antveridleth y Surrounded by a sterile antbendine jacket sessile on shortly dalkeid. The anthero 20 idare enicelliwiare, mi- mucicate and spitnguy cailieul with two apicer Hagellion, but try are multicelulare in Athe ondere psilotoves, Equisetales ere. 19. The anchogniem y differentiated into neck venter; the neck y projected the venter y embedded in the pro-thassos 46 couter yanentite Dakry extenti zoid and neg fuse ry essentice for fertilization . The anthero- to forlin the diploid Rygate, chichy fonction as the moteran of the sporo phytic Structure, al. The Zygote unctengoes division ghenise to embryo & finsey forim the the Sporoply the pland. That's why they show laternation of generation Intrigoduction to the terem pteridophyta bear first by Babck comed by Etnies divided the plant king dom into cryptogamia and plasen 2. this clyptogenia wuffinkere divided hato Thallophyta, gama. and phane sugamla in to Gefyretioffre Braje plyta and pleridophyta 4 Ang Gymnospermend Angiosferam. fat soubormor patt plant king dom Cryptogamia phane rugamia Thallophyta Bryophista L Pteridophyta Gymnosperm Angiasta The vastutan plants have been divided Pre two groups & prerride ple Land Sperematosplay ta pleridophyt's krivde varciraan Cryptoyams abich lack seed and crepiduce by sporcars Spermatophyth on the allere hand, are characterised by the presence ols sepedet and Paclude gymnosperms anq angiospermsengaka How evere disinenes between there two groups on the & basiy of proenre on absento of seed became hauty after the discovery of contain percolike fossil plants such bone seeds Slenctt, there force, & proposed a new terem Tracheophyte for an those plants which possess Sporuplyte ww way developed vascular System Arthur J. Fames (1936) classified Tracheophyte fito following fan groups based on nature aref relation of leaf and stemrescutare chatomy anel positim of sporangio: vie. Grvors 200ele or hati pankh psplapsida Lycopsida Sphenopsida plerorsida -Tippo (1942) gave Tracheophyte the status of a phylim and divided it into y sub plyta The Inter national cade of Batanicace. Namencia firme docenot reingnise the se of terms phylum and sub-phym Pr botanicae clanificatim. It division end by to the softin-opsida. ation of recommendy, -hat and those of all name of Subdivision- the suffon plyta and Decando there fine, used division and subdivision fore,. fore phytum and Sub phyton respectively An outline of the classi fication of Tracheophyta proposed by exandraw & given below Visquesi: 2013 Division Tracheophyta station division Sub phyl psliopsida Psilophytinae Lycopsida Lycopodinae enter 1. psilophytales 1. Lepidoden mares amigasetportal 2. psitophytale 2 lycopodia pares Sphenopfida Equiftinne 1. Fiquisetares 2. Sphenophyllales @cazarmillates Sillyeniales. Pteropsida FPLicinae est coenopt eridames 2. Ophioglo 3 manatli ales -Angeasparm ne -Smith (1955) in replace the name Tracheophyta reas vascular enyptigens divides in pervasionst Vasculan Cryptogams Divissim psilophyta Psilophy linae "Lepidophyta Lycopodinae calamopleyfa Equisetinne Pterophyla Filicinae Primo filimies 2. psilotales & Selaginallales 3. Lepidalendaig Total It has pou yousical miss and orate soften site 2.Sphenoph ans Orden la protopteridates and ma doenopterlidates 3. Archeopteridates - Eusporangiate ophioglossalee Subinus g. Leptosporangiate onden Salviniates, 2. marsileales Genus: pailotum. psirotumy te, because it yo mone communi commonly kroun as whisk foren caithout foren and stem perform all frictions. -It fand in humus rich soll, inderopical and subtropical regions. -Some Species grouse as epiphytes (trowave trunk) Morphology The plant body if of sposophy the which y the dominicant phase of life cycle of psicotero. The plant body is distinguishing into in 1. Rhizome 4. Aerial Branch 1. Sporangia. (22P) (1) Rhizome the horizonlove sati? portion of the plant body 2 y called as Rhizome →91 buried in sols or humus. →9ty dichote mausly branched i 2 celled tehizalds are present near the apices of the →These chizoids absorbs coater and nutrient fromitele soil fore gerial branchesrly B i ferice Branchess. The khizome bears de rice Branches. 2010201/29 The branches are green and cylindricae. The nemal Stem is 86cm to 31cm, cong. dichotomously branched and 2 mm in diameter. The aerial stem is the main photosynthetic end because the leaves are scare-like without any vasculature. The basae region of aerial Stem are distinctly ribbed. Near the upper portion, the stem shows three longitudinal ridges. - The leaves are Straits, secave like printed, 1.5-2mm long & lanceolate ore ovate to shape and are annanged spavicairy on the stem they donet breare ligule, Stomata and vasculaire & thay back midrib & are microphyllous 37 Sporcangia 3 The Sporangia are born in triads. thay have very short stalks Thylane branches. boin in de axits of small bifid leaves omithe aerial → Thes tried of Sporangia y called as Synangium The two obes of the leaf are. unised coith the Synangim re closery unise 10 The cross section (7-5) of the aerice Stem shows innegetare actine folowing rands due to presence of grooves and ridges. It has the following round. (1)Epidermic: 2y a singulayer of epidermis present outside. There y a → of dis heavily cutinized Stomada are also present on epidermis situated at the groves Contex Cortex: contex of psilotem ý divided into following parcks: (a) chioston chymatous cortex sti the outer most fant of the cortex and has tos layers of cars The cells are the walled ymatous They are photosynthe fe as they and are e parenchymatous Chinten chymatous contained chloroplast. they (b) Sclerenchymatous cortex: Below the parenchymatous cells are 2-4 layers of scierenchymatos bars. The cells are thick coulled anel provide supporti (e) parenchymatous contex 53 They fours majore portionof-the Stem. The cens are thin walley and no inten Gellubec Spare In between them. The cells ane made of of parenchymatous cells. The innere contex y also called as stosuge region & Contack Starcch. (11) Stelere Syltem : The stele of the prilo tom consists of domowing pants. The endodermis anel pericycle s Theme y developes endo dermis between the stele and the cortex. These cals have Casparrian brands on theire roolice walls of y hagle Layer. The pericycle y also single layered and consiste of thin walled cells. xylem: The rytem ý actinosteric any thaiat in aul stue in Grays, the protixylem is located at the tipiche naye. the θη the conter metaxylem cone y present The cons of xylem are thick coaned & that mas fretion y transport of nutrients. (e) phtoon: Bohuyen the endodermis &'the xytern theme y thie thin coured cells. 7th constions of steveces and steve areas in theire oblique end walls. Nuciel disintegrate at maturity. (iv) Aratomy of Rhizeroe Rlizome has single layered well defin Pidermis, followed by a brand contex. The outer most Zeno of contex is Prended by mycotschiza and called mycorrhizas Rone - the middie zone of ontor y Starter Stoning Zone. Onthe Prnen most moll zone of contex, the cell tentan phiobaphene which give tit tone a dank-brown colour. The stele ya ( protestele and furcrounded by penmycie •The protoffere has a rentone core enelodermis. of exarch xylem seu cititch ý completely surrounded by phloem sbi mukelsey Joximo (v) Anatomy of seaf →3ly characterized by auctenallion of phases ed in in the He life generation. The plant has two Sporophytic Phase the Sporogenem Produce haproid Apore givence to gametophyt (phase in Etich -gametophyte nepradures sexualny the frem a diploid spomplytk Both Sporce indipendent. and gamete preducing geressatis atte producing and gamete The Sporophyte reprodires by asexual method coluitse be by spore formation cuhire: gabrietophyte reproduce toy ex method Both the phone ass nepaduce by vegetatively ins rognation fick sig app 215 The Sporophyte as well as @ gameto plyte of prilotum propagate vegetitiny through the prodicefon of Gemmae. They are man, moliceliciave and ovoid Structive developing on sonfare of chizome (in Sporophytic plant & body on pobitaus (in the gametophyte)... After detachment from the periment lody moy germinate to form a ga gemar of Subterranean shoot, gemination forem a new prothallus. Sporophyte ahile the Ο χρήστης The genophyte neprodue es by foremalim off asexual represiduetice onlis, caned od Spones, producked ins Complex Aructure called as synangium. Structure Synangium Each Synangium & trilobed, Stark Struct love borene at the apexol short ladenese, branch. A bilobed appendoges y present ad the base of each synangiom that corveand Surround the stalk of Synangium. →T.s of Syrangluns shows three chambery art lacures The coals of synanglim y 3-9 lagens Outere thick codes domi's the epilotenmis Innere wale Seporrates the three loculetno mouth Each locole y Emey Spuste tange these are homosporous in nature. nimbere of Spere And Spanglem epth sprias up frore Blines along the epictennis and dehistenie occurte and the spored (haplold) are liberated and dispersedinale →3ly characterized by auctenallion of phases ed in in the He life generation. The plant has two Sporophytic Phase the Sporogenem Produce haproid Apore givence to gametophyt (phase in Etich -gametophyte nepradures sexualny the frem a diploid spomplytk Both Sporce indipendent. and gamete preducing geressatis atte producing and gamete The Sporophyte reprodires by asexual method coluitse be by spore formation cuhire: gabrietophyte reproduce toy ex method Both the phone ass nepaduce by vegetatively ins rognation fick sig app 215 The Sporophyte as well as @ gameto plyte of prilotum propagate vegetitiny through the prodicefon of Gemmae. They are man, moliceliciave and ovoid Structive developing on sonfare of chizome (in Sporophytic plant & body on pobitaus (in the gametophyte)... After detachment from the periment lody moy germinate to form a ga gemar of Subterranean shoot, gemination forem a new prothallus. Sporophyte ahile the Ο χρήστης The genophyte neprodue es by foremalim off asexual represiduetice onlis, caned od Spones, producked ins Complex Aructure called as synangium. Structure Synangium Each Synangium & trilobed, Stark Struct love borene at the apexol short ladenese, branch. A bilobed appendoges y present ad the base of each synangiom that corveand Surround the stalk of Synangium. →T.s of Syrangluns shows three chambery art lacures The coals of synanglim y 3-9 lagens Outere thick codes domi's the epilotenmis Innere wale Seporrates the three loculetno mouth Each locole y Emey Spuste tange these are homosporous. nimbere of Spere And Spanglem epth sprias up frore Blines along the epictennis and dehistenie occurte and the spored (haplold) are liberated and dispersedinale The Antienfilium 4 mature anthertadium, the mave sex oran visible, more on less as a globulare coffret structure colithout aany struk et is composed of a single layered cool which y. the spirally colled multidrogenated spermatozoids. Dehiscence The matere antheridiom ruptures along its jacket cwall. one of the fris along the spoder of jacket breacks and opening on slit y onated. The spermatozoids (Sperm) comes out threege this opening Encloses (i) The Archegonium: The matire are the genietis hasa vertere & neck. troues of cons which are 4-6 cons Neck consists of 4 lingitudinas Moves high in each row of the neck. The neck enclosed a neck cance With & neek canae cells. In the venitere there is an e ventme cance cell and one ey cell. ven-tere hay no Purranefing wall of its own. The venter o portion of the arctoy in tissue of the gametophyte. archogenium y Embedde Fertilizatim ulen archegonius y mature, the cell watte bekueen se upper ties of cells become cutinised. The axiae now of neck rande cesis and the ventreal canale cells degene-soded and neck become mucilaginous due to absorption of water meisture. The epermost tien of neck cens permit the Spermatozoids to enter the archegoniae neck and move epto the egg one Sperem fised the egg and produce a diploid zygote on oospore. -The Zygote y diploty and will give ease to the next sporophytic genersafim Embryo (New Sporophyte): The xygote give reise to an embryo. The diploid zygote, y the mother cous of the sporoplyfie general The first division of the zygote y transvense, answense, forming. an outerr epibasai cell (directed towards the neck of the archegonium) and an inner hypobasal cell (directed towards the base of areke genium). The apicae epiboval cell ultimately gives rise to the Sporophytte branch Syfters, ahire the lower hypobasar Bey produces the foot. This type of embryogeny alere the forming apicare coll Shout formis y directed out wandy caned thode of embryo development. exo copic mode - The foot anchores the young Sporophyte securely to the gametophyte and ablocks nutrient & then the chizome develop at the base of shoot & detached it sels from from the food by formation of a Separation Layer between Shood & Fook Now the fully developed Sporophyte y any commnemy called →91 hag word wide distribution. a club mass and pre gosoft is prived thus aud →Abundant in trropice and grown ground and dand shoty place. pli The most common species y bizimba penpeterepe the prank body y Sporophyte and this differentiated inito Rodt, slom, leaves, digutes, thixophone The reool of young Sporophyte yof primary root while others The Pachentitias ane ane adventitious. The at the tip of the thi xo phông. Rental root have developed tips, and cotized epidermal cells and orstere ail. Stem y green, dorcsiventrace and prostrate with short Eneet branches. also The biearches are pseudomonopodia Copiste (Fouse of a singles apicae hell in annanged dichotomously. They one point) The shoot apex mest cases ma اباتر paparan setine Species, leathers and colours Fern branches arise from the prostrate stem near poin of bosanching. Thes grow towniainds and have group of adventition route. They are Called as Rhizopus. Some scientist considered them breanches & some considered them as noot and Hill other considere it as an organ for proteerin But recently they are known as adventitious mots that have dichotomuus, branchesquониловие докто The leaves of Spugineva ane microphyllous Sessile and Simple. Thein shape vania from ovale tu lan ceglater. The fenf has a single midvein that nemains unbranched throughout its courtle. → mass of the species have thin and soft leaves, but in xerophytic Species they are thick → The vegetative leaf aswel as sporophyll has a amani mahibstenci Projectim on its adaxias sunfare, closed to the P y known as Iigure. ahe. This projection The boape part of the ligure has a distinct hemi- Spherical foot-zive Shontine called as groscopodion. composed of highly variolaseid stitcalled dubotom tells the tigute y embedded at the bare of the leaf fra bit schon as Ifyviare eft. The projected pant of the igre y only one cened in uy Micknes and is tongue like to bed on fan shaped. Aldermis at is thick, Mitricouried, rectanguis, cens, Grened with euffere many layered, outer 2-4 ane thick walled carell as Cortex many hypodermis plpipaist : Runga Below is thin warned parenchyma having chloroplass, home fmail Mbracellular Space, centroce portion y separrated from contex bya Cavity having air Spanies. bya Endodermis: The contex and centre dissure y connected by ration elongated ceus causest friabeculae, They contain cocuparnian stripe on their laterme away, Unablatae ane modified endedenmas cells. Selenagem perityre! There, y single layer of penisyre formed of thin walled cells, enclosing yosiukus tissue xem, Phloem). (Phides) There are phiwem Emposed of sleve cell and phicem parenchyma, companion cey are abient, phicem Strands -Re Xylem completely. Xylem! penesent in center, an't contistsigfings fo & leoptoxylems occupy to two onds of mela xylem they have anmalar o jection Mick anings. amekekylem occupies the morfon Shows Scalari farm thickenings. Tracheld fon pontion of the Stere They These are composed of tracheid and parenthy not const Flare ane abrento za grobiznes Rhizophone dotere most layer y epidermis. Sky Hutek soaned and single layer cells, Beneath the eptodenmis trene & conter contain outermost hypodermis, middie wuyersurf son and finere maist andodermis. parenchymatous region → Thin coasted peritagere i presenst above the stere → Stele y protostele (the Xylem is in centere & phicem the xylem). of sunmandy the Loaf anatomy The uppere anel loutre épidermis and present they are one call of thick and contacts Chioroplast and loven epidermi's Stomata ane present on uspes and Below the esepiderm is there is mesophyll to tissue having thin called parenchyma caus. thesse (Condado Chronoplast and have Small and longe air space