Plant Identification, Classification, Nomenclature

(Cunit-1)):-(( Jaunti fiation, classification, Nomenclature)): Introduction - The piani kingdom comprises up theasands and thousand of plants and pepe plant in the plant kingdom vazy in size foon uniceluian to multicellular to highly complex body organizations. These plants are found in different habitats Circe sea, lakes, Opond, soll, mountains and even in aile). The plant kingdom came broadly classified into algo gymnosperms are anglosperms(). Spe algae, beyophytes, The Species living phyter, Pterridophyte on this planet monesa, protista, Fung?, Plantine, and Arimbauia pianiae constitute 2,79,000 Species. Plantae constitute neary words have 15,000 917 Among the vast plant kingklom mosses and liver- species, Fenns and gymnosperms are represented by 220 species and angiosperms comprise nearly 2,53,000. te haar Air de candolle in 1913 Sturtind the plants and pubistied them in the famous book "Theanine a elementaine de la botanique". He Put forth tha (Omar com, ornagement) and normes (πries os savos). Since then "taxenarey was considered as Fore Wentifying, crassifying and raning of plants... the branch of bota tany wrth Plastificatii a defined as botanice Science dealing with massification, including steiformation of its bove, principle, rures and Procedure (Covis and The term "systemadies in Genera Fires appeared in plantarum (1735). In se furous of rodex of Linnaeus, cael Linners, ruse known as Cart von Linnea the Fathert of Taxonomy carolus Linnaeus is often called the Fatherto (18887 is Creall head fore using on birds? the term Systematte of Taxonomy as often Huxley the piant Systematics is concerned colon Study off diversity of plants and thers naming, classification and evolutionar among thend and evolutionary trend amon The metattionship between systematic and taxonomy is that Systematic deaws with the Evolutierany rescation ship between Breguntem ablame the taxonomy deas with classifying cind naming orfaniem. Systematic of present centurre is enriched due to avaliability of i from different fiends af cytology, Physiology morphology, parynology ete. opportunitnes of new Schemes Accumulatim of new in firsmation of identification, Infermation gives revatuating and improvi Index Standing of the pants). system of classification and better understanding Systematic guide to identify species of plants for their best Utilization and application. Principles of Systematics: Systematics emphasizes plant classification, which includes their identification, description, nomenclature, and arrangement on evolutionary lines. (1) Identi Rodion Identification of midentified materials is counted in onder to give the material its appropriate position in crectification fos tris, unidentified materials ane compares with harbantom and with the help of experts ey Fiona book, monographs on man vals "dentification can bedene. Rueantly photographs of the materias ane taken on the website on newsgroups. and these care Uploaded (1)Description: Important characters of a toxon are notes on a sheet. Impoziους diagnosite charactes arce indestined for the taxa Characters like habt, nool, Stem, skem, leaves, Infiorescence, flower Fruits, etc technical teams describred in semi- technique language in stead of using So I't beamer ausy Fer identification. maven the mouentiae ore specimen is dry, it nequines softening materias is put inte berring waten and 34 becomes easy Fire Flower & dissection and excer water and study the perts. So the (ii) Nomenclatge Interractional code of Botanicae Normenclature (remix) is followed form concerting identification of a taxon and its A taxon can be tee Orareud after every Bfx single correct name is thosen frema yeans naming. fore wh Pch list of scientific names avandable For the Haven. -Cultivated plants are namted according to the Irider rectional code of Nomenclature, Foo Cultivated slightly modified and ar PRN, SI and according acce to Botanical Cade Thene ane different raming System fere anganim. • Bacteria - Internatifnos code for the Nomenclature! (ICNB). of aortesia vinus- (International Code For views classification cong Nomenclature (Seven). •Animous Internation code Fox zoologicas Nomenclature (1ベスト)・ iv) classe, fecation creunification includes organiem and theire annangement ( into groups, these are species, genus, farming, andern, class classification gives appropriate position toa new taxon. During coceation of a taxon Smanes divided taxa suce mitrol ton or bigges taxon is divided in to Smals taxa so alternatics and transferring of one taxon into ma on uniting Smeli big - classified in to Taxonomic entities are classified "forcing mang classification following categorier (a) Archficks clani flaution: This system consider's characters such as habit, colove, nussbere and similarities. Linnacan System of Boussiast classification is one of this systern which gives emphasis on sexual ants. The system taxes into account the number of taxa into a big Jake plare cheurasters of plants of flowering (b) Naturae classification: M. Adanson is the pioneer of naturere classificadim Bentham and Hookes Suggested and elaborate of the Clani Hation. The Spum takes Simimicities in groupling taxa. In this System emphs is waz aye Stamens plants. given on morphological characters- (e) phenetic Classifications- This type of classification takes into account a lange number of dala embryology, morphology, phyto chemistry on and anatomy embnjoy ultrastructure etc. These Ocharacters coas established among them. ane analysed Sheath and sokal (1973) proposetilshir Phenetle classification. But it was not accepted by taxonomiste. (d) Phylogenetic classification:- ofis boued upon evolutionaing trend of argen organisms. The realation ship among them is in Sheated througha phylogenetic tree, a phylogram exc •ciadogram. The basic concept iles in the arcangement of organitms which have a common ancestors anel they have evolved in a monophytette group. If some desedang ane left out, making ing the group parafffletic these cine Subsequently brought back to the mono Ophyletic group. In the recent time capparaceae is merrged with Brassicaceae and 4 screpladareve with Aporiyann cene, an an so Some Coleg polyphy hette tines divide to mons phyletic taxa de Genus Anenania, splits into Arenania and minuanda. This ponctice is known ag cladistics and is practiced by cladists. *classification helps in proper pratersient meganit in thule respective taxe Species with valuable chemical component grae information tu Alre, tareenamis to Foved out other related species. sthie a crassifiouton indicates phylogenette meladimalsp it becomes mene predictive. fims and objectives of Systematics: Syftematte is a useful method. method of identi ff restor and placement of plants in theks toyes. Fon Retenitication, detailed desisiption are esential & diagnostie Systematic provides Fionistic records of continents the continental floras, Flora Europaea by Tutin elat, Plotas, Fiora of countries. countries on rugrivn Fiora Regione Pritish India by 3.D. Hinkes; states of even It suggests to reams fruct the evolutionary Proant kingdom by sequence of evolutionary change and C moll Chardeters - St helps to develop a phylogram, abere the longest branches represent metre advance groups and the shortere, near the base, Primitive ones Systematic help to draw a phylogenetic thee abere the vertitas axit crepresents the geological time scale and the existire top ang primitive groups toward the periphery. toccards the contreciating Socied and reach the the advance they Brosystematics: Biosystematic in generas covers different topics like variations, experimental stueties and hy bridization in and cabaldization Information lea The team coal rained by I camp and and and to delimit natusas nature biothe nits the light of (1943 as establish thele defined limits, nelationship i variability and netakim dynamic of geneti systema -Clausen el at (1945) incrudel genetiral, cytology motiphology and ecology together Fore Study make up Comparative Studying Suganic evolution and on the twhere, the the two different views mentioned above canbe comcuded to mention Study of Variations. Anothes view on birbytemati refers to study of experimental sytte mactic and population genetics Eleid Inventory Specimens contich are covedected fis Presenved Oin the of herbanlo. A herzbanim a resection de of pressed and anied plant Specimen, mounted on sheetsornbearing a debel, accrtanyol according. Study preporsation of damage coith herbasia mequires coureful conection without out any damage to mounting and finuity any fant parte, propon pressing daying neipful to taxonomist pafer The denli Fical and furthest Jscientific studies. Field in Vektorsy Presude proper planning Field notebook, vasculum, conection collecting, equipments, Plant pree E " pressing Presting crying. Planning For Calt et flom of samples, Ingramme can be made to visit tonal area bra distame locality when stodents want to go on a Collection carey necessanay froid exsipments trip they shored be advised to carry nekestanay and Collection procedure. Some Ames Repented visits to an anca berem necessary thonzugh idea of that anen during different Seasons 0. to have a is med exploration, when a trip is plannied feca remote and unseen area it is cassed expedition Exparition is see and story new flora and fauna mach thrilling. one con Equipment Sampes, the place Fort Studying Orequirements and carry binge, vaseulem plant the Floom and collection of Pros, freed note book digging ton, Pencil, etc. knife, di Plant prost St is a simple device and consists of tune weedien de wire planks, each measuring planks commugated Shecte new paper sheelts are kept. blots. Becmx 45cm in size made upels cardboard) Between the ble tens and Aightened by straps of The tivo press is de mesh Corrrrugated sheets ane used to help in drajing of the field visit, the plant prek Specimen. During is light in weigth. Inelde the prey, ondl corrigated sheet allesrates with one field blottes con papes sheet, me for each specimen containing ten now The plant priss neurel at the base camp is much heavies and has an Prenewed number of corrugated Contalaing one faded Forcthes drying Plant Press. 4 cheels, one alternating ench new palper. This heary planito pred fundsist of specimen which was connected cartier ustn folded brottes Using normal Freid Notebook must fan the Colection Collection of sampe, for Fotraving headel nes Specimen, a tra An ideal, book Should be carry tome Forthe enties (1) Date conection (6 (6) Name of cocauty ring Altitude, Guy we (wany name, (N) Scientific name, (vij Loranty Name of the family (will and other information relevant to coheckm The note book shound have serial numbers fore Specimen in farmanit. Fore eary access to Vasculten & a metalle bey Cing vascusion is used Force Shoulder before having dightly filled and ou Conected specimen preating for a butter box is alle used to store bigges Prems like Fault sand bulky Pands." -Now a days 14 is becoming a practice with Students and sperimen collectors covery Polythene bagck maintains Freshness bolythene bag, of materice. Ok for torsperrazy Stering of For many holders. the boy is made bay' These bage Aftere keefing the materiar's in airclight putting a they rubber band Collection- collection During collection, heats and Small Stagishnubs care fully with roots, shorts, leaves, and Flowress inkat Specimen two to throw en doimage. Such Items All information maybe corected of a may be tied w ane uprooted Fora particelan in ordes to evade Specimen should be mentioned with proper identification. Pressnote book and a tag Pressing prasing is another the freid fimul inventory. After collection of specimens brought Sith sontrol out basing on the length and natime laboratory Specimens ang A Specimen shortey than is inches (88 cm) should be kest directly in the folded newspapers carefully Spreacting the leaves and branches. Herbs with 20016 and measurmbey more than 15 inches, can be folded in th form of a'v', 'N', or'w' I care must be pourt of the f along leaves moently the specimen taken to keep the apithe Fruits and flowers uprighs while the on herbarium Sheel soft dry plant pants showing, ensticity herbarim sheet using Frexed Stat had's the specimen in place. Such as grasses Can be fir fired on ane frexostat inserted at each comer Deying madermous - Drying of americns is a slova pricey plant materials ane es expired to natural drying on alificial heat. (1) Nocturna drying:- 94 is slow priediss dooy drying may take 10 days to me montず dry specimens. Specimen depending nature. The Coverd hours fouro Sometimes, complete upon the plant part and its presled without corrugated sheets During this Sweating times moistire I become flaccid and prany practs. Plants gile out some ane rearranged on the sheet. the materias in the folded sheet Sheet of blotters one news paper the the maderias Is found to be fully is transferred to fresh sheet. Subsequently changes are made for the materica using! botter or newspaper till the lyneficial Heal into fricted lolottery. These blotteng The specimen Gafter press ane general field method ake Nt. separated codgatend cwhere blootten Sheets and consciugaded sheets and Sheets kept uitbenately - The specimens intue deying a burning kero sine lamp Warm Proces ane tounsifoned to d dries a cabinet in cwhich Jor a lighted srechid bulb remain k to keep the further, howing of hot lane through -sinnott (1983) deverofed a sovan upto 100 specimens on bowes speed up dajing. powerly chier which en can day la Suney they onder day under tempr of for the system, cannies a fiat plate collecter anda daying There are some time fitted to the collector. Rapid deying of become box to carry the process. Onjity is competed in a singeday. Specimens by artificial methods make the plant materials Orbe lose bloemband amour on anid regions, plans Specimens partially dry drog journey. In the loggage rack rack of vehicke is Cannief out. covely by Osheets are exposed toyin Frany, teles specimen are frey to herbarium) sheet and properly labused and red Parts herbarily room. wken the maledicus Herbariem A herbariom is a comedion preyenved plant Specimens & of prexenved associated data used for Scientific study Functions Herboria play an important rare in taxonomy. They give important in formation reganding plant Species for classification of pants. These are Source of tato nothic research. Following are the finction of herburia . Herbaria care very much useful in all kind of taxonomic research. 1 2. These stored & preserved specimens serve as a Findamental resource For Identification of one plants of the corrid. 3. Herbanla anen Imposternt sociice of conection of blodiversity, most 4. estimates of global diversity today ane beared on herumich collection. These ane tirixed for quantitative "basserine data on the distributien and abundance of keystone Speiles is exention monitoring Pongramme. fos au man 5. They serve as a repository of voucher specimens on chech varieties of Botaniced research ane cannied out. 6. These ane helpful in assessment of consemnation of status of a hmooη, 7. Henkania and de assusting. dret assusting the diversity vocialpore, exhibited bya Speifes in its distibution rounges ha Oring in population bloregg sudies. 8. They serve as a Source fus sench of new geneticae material forr Improvement of cultivated Gock 9. From henbarda habit, habitat, veceracunan name, Flower pereurs and othere characters of the plant, use of pants, Frequency and. abundance of spesies are aressed. In this way they Pauvide dala for botanicae, ethnobotantoud and phytageography cas stunties etc. 10. Herbarium serves as atool in teaching betany. Herbornin helps in Mentifying the newly conected Spechthen. 1. Specimen may be used as source of materiae for Anatom cyte taxonomy Ecology, Chemistry, morkerlar biology, and Environment Implet assegement. 12. Sleds of the henkariom Specimens can be used to patynology Pharmacole nesirect Speles extinct in the wild using modern technology. guire 13. Hentante are used for cataloguing, as commercial spelies, medicinas Species of economic potential cus Spe henbs Food plants. 14. 9f hepe in development of computer data base on plants and maintaing active lak toy International network of systematic resources and base. Important Hercharia and Peotoni coce Gardens of the cour id & Indias Important Hercbenda The act of Herbarium wor Started by an Italice taxonomist Luca Ghini (1990-1556). The concept of presettving plant specimen in cleled ferm is 450 "fors ad. The adest preserved herba Ontem Specimen is kept in Rome. at the naturalist Gherando cibo. collected by th Froom lang different com countries are over the worst started collecting honbanfa. 1. museum Norton d' Historic naturelle, Panis Royae Prokantnce Garden, kew 3. Komavou Botanical Intitute, Leningarnd 4. consenvatare at Jardin Botaniques, Geneva 5. New York Botanical Gardon, New York . Hanvas eniversity, Cambridge, USA 6 7. US Nationave Herbarity, washington De 10,500,000 >5,000,000 -35,000,000 4,300, 08 - 4,950,000 4,110,004 8. British the museum (Nation History) London ۹۰ Institute de Bodanique, mont pellier 10. Naturchistoriske Ri kamuseet, stock ham 8,350,000 11. Regal Botanical Garden, Edinoburgh USA-1,485,000 18. Grey Herboriong Havard eniversity, cambridge, 13. Botanical Research Institute of Terms, Texas (1985) - 5,00,000 8,30,000 14. university of minge sote, Herbaricm, venzuela (1992) 3,50, 050 15. washington state university- manion ou aby Herbarium, manion (1995) Herbania of India. 2,50,000 1. Central National Herbarium, sin pur, Howrah 20,00 3. Forest Research Institute, Herbarium, Dehradun -12,500 3. Botanicace Sausy of India, South cincte, coimbatore 4. Poctanicare survey of India, western cirere, Poona - 1,00,000 5. National Botanicae Ovanden, Herbarium, Lucknow 6. Botanicas Survey of India, Fastern cieve, Shillong 60,000 7. Botanice Survey of India, Nonthean ciecie, Deharindin 8. Babanicore Sutriny of India, ceninas cincse, Allahabad 40,000 Botanicus Gardens A botanicae gurden is a place therra & plants, especiaise Fenns, Omifens, and flowering plans are of research and edvatten grown and displayed the purpose at gaundens, gandens. that in trees are some times reffered to as arborenta. Specialize Some Important bakaricat, garden, in India: 1. Achangs Jagdish chandra Bose / Inction Botevilous Garden kolkata The garden is located in Shtupur, Rowenah, in west thongue. This betonicas ganden is fumas For wide variety and monk of Species plants The great banyan tree is the thts garden absch to consedend as the largest in the world. All types of arcchids, paim trons, 109 varieties, coconut, watesies, Shivalinga tree, Breadfruit 3. Garden Agrid- horticulture Se kolkata an Famous for tree is dard here. Seciety India, Kolkata - 91 is loaded in Alipure Ruge conections Plants. The gande culture medicinae plants, 아 fore medicinas onnamental plants, bonsai, metus, tissue culture practucts, Ferticuture and organic vegetarien Ptems. 3. Las leagh, reangalaste Las rogh is deemed as Red Ganden situated in Sultan Ali Tipu Sultan: The stwo stou be y oid meghere anchitreasure combined with old & ganden seems te be modern antis-the touch. It is a genetic centre for in maining plante various scientific, technical researches ane organized here. A glass house is ance of the attraction of 48 Government Prodantara Goniden, 007: he garden. In Udarmangalamy Goudenment botanicae gouden torated in Tomtrade which is famous For huge ses or is considered as the largest lose ganden infections Roses Brownielles of noses anesogrown in this garden. mi laget binds ane seen in this oanden, There are many laun Consisting of thousands of species of exotre plante, shuatis, Otwes 1 pronte the totke med covered boy about asheetate. anel can seen conk tree, papes bank tree, monkey puzzie the Intel's gorsden.