Unit 4: Phylogeny of Angiosperms

(unit-4) (-1)):-((Phylogeny of Angiosperms)) Introduction Angiosperm constitute a major group of plants in the pant kingdom, Angiospereen implies (an. Angios vessels on receptacle & Sperma = Saied) Viscular plants with seed bearring habit Angiosperms have certain characteristtes For which they are different form of from other plants like gymnosperm and Pterido phytes. Suchas: 1. plants are either herbs on Sheulbs on trees. 2. plants possess well developed root System, shoot system, reaver and flowerss. 3. Sporophytic generation is predominant in life cycle which independent excерн embryonce stages. 4. The xylem possesses vessels are the tracheae. Sieve tubes with Companion cells are in the pholem elements. 5. porination is consied out by different agents like wind, insects, animals, waters 6. pallen tube is Fund. 7. Ovutes ane enclosed by integuments; pollen grains germinate on Stigmatte Surface. 8. Double Fertiliscution is important chanaderistic Feature. 9. A triploid endosperm is produced after Fertilization. 10. Highly reduce move and fermavel gametophytes occur in angiosperms. 11. seed are enclosed. - phylogeny is the sturdy of the generovogy and evolutionary history of a taxonomie group phylogeny of any grep babbing prolaem, in capable of Phylogeny Probably awdys Cremain a actual demostoration, and yet theories senve to co ordinate knowledge cand stimulate inuwatigation Tenne and Once ① primitive and advan -primitive, and advanced character of angiosperm Studied by Scientist. Such as Bessy and Hutchinson's and proposed principies on angiospermie plant which are as follows: reganding primitiro & advanced shourarterrs, (a) Primitive and advanced characters Principe C.F. Bessay (1915) Proposed on asty angio sperimic preants regarding Primitive and advanred Cheimastores. There are known as out ilnes of such views Besserfan principle. Following are the 1. The herbaceous habit of plants is more advanced than anboneat habit. 2. Annuais arse morre advanced to than biennicus and biennials are more advanced than perennials. B. Hyderophytes, epiphytee tan than ordinary Fersestrice Forms. advannet parasites are more advanced 4. Compand recues ane more advanced than Simple leaves. 5. Bisexuos Flowers are move primiting & than entsexual -flowers. 6 more advanced than monoecious τπες. Dloncious plants are 7. on-florescence is morre advance -than Sonicatty Flowers. 8. Germopetalons Flowers care merce advanced than polypetalous Fravess The gomopetaly has been derived from polypetaly by forten of petas. 9. Flowers lacking petals (apetaly) ane more aduelneed. 10. Actinomonphle condition is more primitive than Syncampous condition. 4. Hypogynas prerodes epigyny. 12. Apacsuspus condition is move primitle 16. than albuminous Exalbuminous feeds care more aduxinced th Seey. 14. Polyandrous stamens precede Jointed condition of Stamens. 15. simple frufts are more primitive tham compound Frupt. 16. There is progresive evolution, de life advanis from simplicity to Complexity (b) Hutchinsons views on Pofasi-fihe and advanced charcatter Hutchinson's News Introduced phyw genetic system of classification of anajis spernes cunich coas pubitsheep in his famous book "Families of Flowering plants In 1959, in this classification he described on primitive and advanced characters Formed the basis of his classification. 1. Evolution is both (1) upucends and in) down coands. The latter inviving degrondation and degeneration example ait tous ces the Sympete Olous conolition epidynye tus townside the apetalous state of many Flowers! nisexuality in Flowering plants. 2. Prees and Shrubs are probably more primitive than herbs 3. pores, and shoulbs are primitive than climbers, the latter habit having ags nequined through perticulare environment. 4. peremicals are ader than biennicus, and from them annuus habte been dercined. Few weny and in Rosaceae wary and antivirus in the primitive family Ogreatere number of more Kanunwlatene advented ang natrae Family is Brassicaceae. 5. Aquette promesogams are recent than terestrice and the same maybe Bald of epiphytes and porrasites. 6. collatenece vascuran bunda arranged ina cylinder and the came maybe ane more primitive than scattered bundies (monocotylealms) 7. The Spiral arcrangement of leaves on the stem and of the Floor leaves are primithe that of opposite and whotlled one. 8. Asa nule simple leaves procede compound leaves. 9 . choerious is probably more primitive than the moncorious Condition. 10. The solitary Flooder is more primitive than the inflorescence, the highest forms of the latter being the combel and capitutem. 11. Spirrally imbricate Flomae pands arve move primitive then whosted and vawate, że Magnolia and climatis. 12. paymercovs (many parted flowers) precede, and cargomerous (type with Few percts) Follows From it, being gpaatcompanied by a progressive Sterillzation of reproductive Opants (Sposophyns) de Magnolia and cherlanthuy. 13. Polymenos many parted Fleaves Petatiforous Flowers precede apetalas ones, the other being the result of ex reduction. 14. Polypetaly (Free pelais) ane ane primitive than connate Petail (Sympetery). 15. Actino morephy (tulgularcity) of the Flowers fils clakxenical than Rygewirty (Praegularity), de cattha and Delophinium. 16. Hypogyna Bithe primitive and perigyny & epigyny ane derived latter. 17. From per (Apocang) cure mere primitive and firem thm Conmate compas metuitat 18. polyranpy (many carpes) procedes Oligocanpy (Few arpers) te Ranaun cules and Nigella 19. The endasperrinte saved with forall embryo is primitive the non- endospornic Seed mone recent, do. trany stamens are porimitive and Fare few stamens are aduanered. 21. Sepirate stamens procede connate steemens; de Thiaceae and malvacea E 22 Aggregate Fruits (Formed by Seversece flowers) ane more recient than Single Prufts and as a trule the Cap Capsule 2 Homology and Analogy-an cwith another cropnism one with its different oregant in different & Speci origin is not seme. nature differen organisms on their organgs Species peruform Organs. Sometimes the fre considering considering the above there are two teams in biological science. onel is homology and another is analogy. The organs chich have the same fundamen.the structure and nas different finction are called and carry homologous organs suchla sindromit is canes homology swhich points at commen sindirmity ancestry, on homology refers to a condition indicative of the same phylogenetic ore evoluticroang, origin but not necessarily the same in present structive and/or function. embryologlove eretigin, but appeare different extercreally For example, kubers of potato, the rhizome colocasia ane homologous becerute all are Feretion Os and theire •feretion is as most simi tours Perennation of ginger the undergrand modified stems. (vegetective Propagation and -on other hand, the organs which appears similare externally, carry eut Simllar Functions. have differen Structure and callestater analogous Orreagan - Such organs ane present in unrelated group of organism. The phenomenon of Manaungy herdomenon of Such sinallanity is called of indicado different ancestorty For example spines Structure in prants different and thoring ce analogous organs and so tue Finction 20 Spine is a opidermis but thorn is a Superficiel Stree They are defensive Similar But origin is Structive which develops modified stom. Frens evolutionary and Inxonomic view different authors expres thely veikus on homology and According to jas analogy inagy different c of the same organ in aven, animal Homology is the occurrence ender evtiny variety of Forms and Functions the defined malagy as the occumire of apart in one anlmas which has the some function as another part of of an angen in one ongen in different animal. - Darwin defired homology and analogy for plant in 1959. wilen (98)) Said that homology may anire between two chourelterspoet skitel or beturen two ongshisms fara particulare chanacter on character sinte Two characters are, homologous if one is directly derived from the other. These fening of characters in question core called an evdutionary trans Rormatten Sercles. The origines chanceteris foclled as Presidenorphic andre derived one as aft morphic on wouillonary noverty. - cuhen a characters is sherred by two individuaces for me lagy and the character has a common ancestor, such a character is called Shared homologue. when the character-state is founding immedia Common ancestor, but not in the earlier ancestor, it is called as synapo mosphy. when the character State is observed bot in Pre Parmediate common ancestor and the excliver ancestor, it is reffered to Symple siomompty. Sometimes between leaves indifferent Species homology is observed off Plants. It is Special homology. Homology Floral leaves, Foriae leaves and is coured Service homology is seen amer plant at bracts of the Some pe plant ot Pomallelism and convencende on parallelism, the acommon origonisme have present in anrestos but the character state coes not then common ancestor cchile Character in different ancestors states. two differen In convergence lite evolving into identical characters- Indipendent ecco According to simpson (1961) promalleism is Occurrence of simitan ch changes defined as in group's cbith a Common ancestry. In Ranuncules two species P. Priprati tus and Rhedevaren have similan characters of aquritic habit & dissect leaves which happen due to paralles evcilition. In case of Gineteises (gymno Sperm) and dicotycotyledors with selected westers, there is parallelism. In some cases simianither ebrerved between Ingraved similaritier to indivitiae ongang on to the th negand whole individual, of is known as conveagerve. Simhon Features anise separately in two en more genetically diverise and not related toma lineages (decrented one). of Ascirpidedaceaeated and orichidaceae, polinia is found and it shows divergence. distinct phyletic lines Convergence Favoured by in pollination on dispersal. together each Similar elilmat es when two teven one makes and habiteeds Similarity •Separated whi ana which Separate natusaιε morrenteric group. Convergence can be identifi monophyletic Following cuiteria. identified 0 awith the helpok (1) convergence arises from adaptation to similare habitats, for example Similarity between certain succulent species of Euphorbiaceae and callfacere is due to convergenence. (1) Similare mortes of pollination such as anemo phily is observed in Poaceae, Salicaceae and victicaceae, which supports Convergence. Similare dispersal of cered as observed in haircy feeds of Asteraceae Asclepiadaceae and some manaceae is due to convergence. ① Monophyly Paraphyly Polypryly and clades :- (1) monophyly on cladistics form a group of organisms, monophyly is the Condition of being a a clade lote molthet that is, a group of taxa composed duy of a common ancestor precisely an ancestore population) & an of its lineme descendants. monophyletic groups ane typically characterised by shoured desived Characteristics (Synapomorphies), which are distinguish organisms in the form othes An equivement them is holophilly's The card mono-phyly means " one-tribe" in Greece. Simpson defined mono phyry as the derivation of a taxon thang one oε πόστα Iineages (descendants) from the immediately ancestorome Same ac lexues trank of the Anothern Reither Henning defined monophyletic group as dearated from af a single specties and From this species. which included group of species nis all the descenda - Ash lock (1971) analysed the concept of Henning and demarcated tow types of monuphyletic groups: holophyletic & prataphyletic. holophy phy retic in the grapp an all descendants of the most common aniκλήση πεπαλη In parra phytetic, all descendants of the most recent commen oncestor cure not included in the group. al paraphyly In paraphyletic, all descendants of the most recent commen anvestor are not included in the group. In other words a poraphy levis taxen Is one that includes the most recent common ancestor, but not all of its des endants. - aciade, on monophyletic gooup. A parca, phyletic grap can't be a clade members of a paraphyle the group is muice cessery related groups than it is to other members of porcaphy betie grup. one on there to the excindy The terren is commenty used in linguistes identified by a combination of a Synapormenph poucaphylette groups are identifi and symplesiom amphies a af a (n) polyphyly- on astonblage is a set of organisms A roy pleten the Pyyy een together, hove characteristics that donet imply that they share. that's not also the common ancestor of based on a common ancestor other taxa. A polyphyletic, is defined as one that does not include the common απίκλον of the members of the taven. The tear term is often applied to group that Share Strine features as a result of convergent evolution. The arrangement of the members of a polyphylette group as polyphyly 73 came *Danaigren and pasmissen (1983) devised "cutting rules to show monoplyly parca phyly a group dlagen representection exhibits how separed testy from a representative The is séparrate O representative evewtionary tree. 1) Amonophylette group is seperated by a single cut below the group, the 14 carries one entire branch. (1) paraphyletic group is separated by two cuts; one cut below the grasp and andies one or more cuts higherup the it cannnes one plece of hananch, Apoly phycotte group is separated more than one cut below the grap ze 11 carries more than one plece of a branch. A Cinde, also known as a monophy lette grasp on Naterra, is a group of organisms composed of a common arrester and its Preas descendants on a phylogenette tree. A Suctelivery, Stimilar panel of individdures producing Sucketlivery genetically ha Individuales constitutes a clade. A claude can'be represented by live! flagran carel Cladogram aliich shows woody habit, alternate cymase infionescore, s cal petais, 5 stamens 12 Free Carpes perd dry Proft ceith many seeds. evoluti Clodagran is chann using history of group. In which depicts an Cladistic methodology wh Cladogram entit back Aground by sympo mamphi ine linked. historicou In the Cladogram there is a ventical axis fregiresenting time Scrive. cladogrom are ancestor. descendams Sequence of populations. (menophysy) (ponaghyy) (Concept of mono, panas polyphagy) (7) gxrups Aband (Diane monophyletic in each hay commση στην ελλης αμ Lever'm Simitary group AbxD & menophylete alls has comoenen, nuvester (3) in group (9) Res one pomiply less as we are laxving out descending D of the common ancestor as lemn (5) merp ex is polyphupetic as thom niespective action ou lever mdonat belong to this group. Origin and Evolution of Angιράρεση - A fundamental problem that most be desit cofith is wheathen the angiogen is owheather the angiosperms are monophyletic (ze agroup Consisting of all descendants Poly phyletic (ie agroup. denived From a Cingle anrettor) o that does not have a common ancestor). Due to inadequate fossile reconds, the question of phyla ol angiosperms still remain unsolved. Haarcevere angle sperms so anigin of angiosperms is controverselas due to lack of Fossil records. However, angiosperms are a naturae group and contains characters, which make them crique from an other vascular plants. ① monophyle the cargin of angiosperm B As a group, the angiosperms have typically been viewed as monophyletic. However, no definite evidence is available in favour of the monophyletic origin. - This view is based on the fact that present-day y angio sperms Shono meman kable consistency in their characters the presence of Steve-tubes in Jail, uniform staminas Structure chanaclegistic endothedine ayes of all anther coay, darbre fenti and Formation of teesprayed exdosperm, chichame considered defining Feabre of angiosperms and Suppor the mancophyte phyletie origin of angiosperms Dayre on the basis of the fre by Supported peerey Studies of mono-Solcute Dahlgren believes that the ancestor of the cou a gymnospermous membert. present -dary angiosperms The mone Payette regio several phyw geniets Preweling Cronquist, Hughes Games, krassitor, and meeuse hoive angued that the angiospermsane polyphyletic de dieets and monocots originated from different Primitive stocks on different times Status thragh parais en convergent and attained evolution. thepy present The theory of polyphylesis is also supported by the fosill records of varienly in dicots and percianth and the nature of campel in bath monocots. - The poly phyletic origin fact that Show an any of anglosperms is fietsen Gupported by the primitive entiers of both the monocots and relation ship in thefre characters, close relations dilate do not Thus Fosill records Suggest that angiosperms, as a group, are cusplu monophyletic, and theille familles of grape of Romhin ane polyphyrette wevere, recently mitochondrias, anf phiogenetic κατηχάς απατηses eping ences have Jarded in prosstid gane sequences Clarifying relationships between the serious angiosperm Families The monocots and red cudicots are cach -telle The angiosparης οι α Cupported as! whole overe reans phyletle to the exclusion of gymnosperiης being being monophy Arenas Evolutionary to and peryment peren and anglospen have got in pigia Spen Fosste avaliable in the form of flowers Pand reutils of anglospores suggested that camel pas early credereas era (130 own living (120 mya). cheonanthaceae . Fossil patens - Sman Shows named Amben eltd (Amberetliaceae and water lilies ofvenged finst in angiosperoms with evidence 110m, DVA Studie - presenting living members Anciens perrein and flowers ause nesemble caith presenting of a small farndly chloranthaceae found in tropicas Amedica, eut Ada and New zealdry. - tis eambaished that angiosperms arme monophyletic Dowing Fancy Cretaceous Fossil hinchape Fructus of entinny exin extinct family Anche Fructaceae, cong described from chha is basai anigissperom Family. now to be a new Evolution of vegedative stractures - Flowering plants shows a great deas of variation in their vegetretthe chanarter but the antiest ones and thefre living represent and mainly y shrubs on sman trees and all living gytinospenings and woody. O stis berteved that herbaceous O planis are derived Frezm waddy, onigidatny, but may home evolved seindanny Soome cosady plants, the tuding motiocots may From her haceous pronte O opinien vaniel meganeting Evolution of Hoscopeilanny phylethoxy, Structure of leat, stathestas nature tte of Fovewing are the vegetative strroctine and theise evolution! (a) xylen evoutin: The xylem evements factuele tracheldt, vessels, wood Parenchyma and Paires. Among these tracheids and vessels aire major treces porecting conf important elemeldts. The trachecary elements cader consitoned to referend during the foof plants from aquave to terrestone! habit. Trracheids and vessels are dead tissues. Fratheidsare considered most Primitive Structures and prevent in an lower vasedas plants, gymnsspos and angiosperuns verseist are perforated element restricted to angiospe and also fary in extant gegnetopsida, sume Species of Equisetorm, Selaginella, maursilea and Pteridiom. -It is speculated that vessels of angiosperms might have evolved Froom gnetopsids vessels arese from tracheids like elements!.. Pracheids with creueriform pitting and followed by smaller any broader perpetrated plantes gives rise Oto westers." Fordhore the pores of reduction in reniber of bars in tracheids resulted shortest breadest vessels elemente with simple Performition plate and tamneverthe end Forms. iy mest advances - 31 is assumed that venels ansse first in the Secondary Xytem & in the yem. The Specialization has gradually astunned from the second Secondary to primary eyeem. (b) Slumen Evolutions like begenenia, Himatanotica cand ane lamircue, 3-vethed leaf te cnejo sperem we re in genera nengan engan cuithout any clearrsut demarcation of Ferettile and Sitenive pants The potten Sacs (Sporangia) are bonne neart the centre either on abaxiar (dartea side en on adaxlas (ventorm Side) During process of adhurunee ment and spectrulzation of stamen; there has been reduction of stealle Herve and Astraction of mag mangirou CHER areas. The per proximas pant became Filament and distas paint o the another. The mikluein region Formed the connective, and dis teen paret the appendages, as seen in severne genera Rasifixed. condition is the Frost primitive and versatile is me most advanced as found in grasses. red that the primitive streamen osas laminare, with two pains Stis arrepte of sporangia, borne on adouxtalon aba xiat Side, because both Situations are Found in pronitive families. Dercing covase of evolotion the stamon became more slender. The transformation of bre breaad laminate to nannow Stamen is observed Nymphen monothecous Stamens anose from fusion of dithecou's another lobes 5) Folien gratin evaluaren ingle (loangiosperms fallen grain as reported by medim s coxalker and Doyle (forts) Hito bool shaped, smooth- on infontectie layer, constitor is large walked, whith horrogeneund-exte the tectum being absent and Ca tayor enique angiosperms, being absentin gythnosperms) This type of me polien groin is found among extant angiosperge in Annonaceae Degenaniarene and magnollarede. The prototype of this coas gymnosperm pollen cwhich cong manesticate, langs greanvian infra teclar in Benne thi lates nevine, layer the type of sexine an caith pollen is common Cine opsids (excluding netun) and epon-toxylon. In evolution of anglo sporm polken from this type took place where we laminated nexthe disappeared, nexine beame granulas to tara teclate cuith Columella. Panenner and Pbickobls (1992) Form the fossil pollen graλης valanginian (Israel) consideral The pollen grains resembled 14 to be to that For from the oldest angiosperm Fossil. of Gnetim in general shape and ack of aperature. Those pollen reefernlaos with chloran tha reae, piperaceae and sururaceae. So Prennes Sogyeged that different layers in polled like Intine and ende xine onosed Potion Primitive layers. (dy camper Evolution & There are too views regarding evcaution of campers. Accomating to meyaspo phythasporous origin camper is O homollogogous to Ors phyll by authors like Bailey and sorry (1951), conquist (1988), Takntajan (1997) and many others. suit authors like pankow (1962) Sattler Vand Lacroix, 1998 putrosth stachyo sporous origin of camper. Acending to physio sporous daigin, a compel ica filand leaf colith adaxlas - Sundares with many eve owies hads that the nomologous Compel Stachyosprzour theory envelopel represents a bestting puared bract and placente with a shos -This brock-Terminal in outgroups Pherwiting anetares, is tireletry homologous to one the clase U living to one fand ter goupl D (e) Evolution of Infernciak ovary Inferios ovary in angiosperms has been derived from different theory, wrot to structures. to gi inferior bunny ansse due to adnation of or gynaeciety, proponents Sugges theery Tues that appendic van bates of outer Floral of receptacular theory (oveins Infestor ovary results. the riosae receptacle which surosounds feory in vagina Alen Surrounds the ovary. Co-evolution of Argiaspuns and animals i In biology, co-ευσίωνίση ocrusts when Halo en more species reciprasely affal each other's evolution through the process of natural sed selection. The team sontimes is uted for tordite in the same spesies affecting each chrons evowiion, as well as gone-cultime co-evolution. -There are eviderves that plants and animais evolved simultaneously Evidences and obtained from compirnative mangho legy, blology and biochemistry plant cand amimaus. establish the coming th co-evolution indicates rope of ends in animais 0 so evolution of anglo sporoms. The evolution of one has in-fivenred the other. we stindy the co-evolution of angiosperms & animals in two headings. ① peilinatalion Briochemlove convention) Povinndtion - rovination is important event in ro-evolution of plant and animals. Eaniy seed plants, the gymnosperms were anemophilous type. -The wind porinates or Pap exuded Fem mirupyse capture pollen grains. Bany Pasects probable the beetles were attracted to this exudate and pue by chance. Nietone Pa Privenial seed set the flowering plante for better pertination as Asa result evolution wo Changes took place in Flower Othetre changes Endured chowy Flowens appeared to attiselt inserts. 2 Insects visiteed Flowers ants, protein nach pollen, nerderies colible pants, - In bisex και Flowers the same insect counied out both pollen deposh and its tromspennue to other ploweens. Incoveaje Pored dargere to the expared seeds. Portection 1 of Sead in clasul care The situation compremed towards closed carpet, a condition which is formel in angiosperms and a major towards the evolution. -Increased protection of seed faciliture smaller soeds and more rumbey Seeds and fout shorter infe clycie Conditions. Complete closure of the to overcome seed drought accompanted by be inpaodiction of stigmatic surifice of pollen, and the stigma exposing to the insects Styre keep with the charges op kooping with In Prowers, modifications observed in inserts. Fariy beettes butte toy insects of highes onder suchage moths, PS Prok, Beetle pollinated Flowers ane lyptrally duin or white emittry. Frolt onders s, cand the seegane Flowerss ane very attractive due heaul ly not read with honoy, pollen and nectary. protected. bere pollinated Coleus bue onyeцка theps Butlers Fly posinated Flowers and read, Poninated Flowers genesally blue on yellow. Moth night with high Fragrance. and butterfly pollinated math and 4 4 towers at bare generally passes long Colla -Bind persinated Flowers are bright med to tenow with gord amount of - nectare, with little or no fisaysownie. In Chiroptere phily (pollination In coloure, open Jat ton by beats), • the Flowers are dull night and Freeit en odour 2 Blochemical co-evolution plants and the Rs insect predators Probably have undergone adaptive radiation in stepwise manner. As a result of which pos plant groups evolved new and effective mechanisms de chemical substance to counter heabivores. Pout the lattere tried theire best overcome the defense mechanism through evolution. There are some examples: 1) mustring oils of teamssicaceae ane toxic to many animals but the flower and odary attract other herbivorces such as cabhage worms which trace outs cabbage plants of the Same Family and lay down egg Another chemical subistave hypericin in genes Hypericum repey nearly all herbivores but the beetle genus chrysolina con detoslify hyparcin and use it to identify the plants.